Re: தாமிரபரணி இரும்பு நாகரிகம் - ஆதிச்சநல்லூரில் தொல்காப்பியத்து வருணன் சிற்பம்
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N. Ganesan
Feb 17, 2025, 7:50:02 AMFeb 17
to vallamai, housto...@googlegroups.com
3000 BC வாக்கில் தமிழ்நாட்டில் கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ள இரும்பு, இரும்பை உருக்கி அடிக்கும் தொழில்நுட்பம் ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலும் ஏறத்தாழ அதே கால கட்டத்தில் உள்ளதுடன் ஒப்பீடு செய்யப் பயன்படும். புளி, திமில் கொண்ட ஃசீபு கால்நடை, தானியங்கள், இரும்பு பரிவர்த்தனைகள் - in the Third Millennium BCE! - ஆராயப்படல் வேண்டும்.
சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் முதுநெல்லி "ancient Nelli" - தீம்புளி நெல்லி எனப்படுகிறது. பொதுவாக, தீம்புளி (அ) இன்புளி என்பது கோடம்புளி. புளிப்புச் சுவை பல ஸ்தாவரங்களில் உண்டு. ஆனால், அவற்றில் ஆறு தாவரங்கள் தமிழில் புளி என்று அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன. அரதப் பழசான காலத்தில் ஆப்பிரிக்கா தந்த புளி ஆறு புளிகளிலும் அரசன். ராஜ புளி. Cf. தமிழர் கண்ட இசைக்கருவிகளில் ராஜவாத்தியம் (மங்கல வாத்தியம்) நாதஸ்வரம் போல. அளிகளிலும் அரச அளி பற்றி இலக்கியங்களில் சொல்லியுள்ளமை பற்றி விளக்கியுள்ளேன். தீம்புளி/இன்புளி - கருத்தாடல் இழை:
பக்ஷிராஜன் அனந்தகிருஷ்ணன் எழுதிய கட்டுரைக்கான மறுமொழி. would love to hear your comments.
Sri. P. A. Krishnan quotes H. Pringle's 2009 article, I have given her whole article in the Twitter.
But iron archaeology in Africa has advanced a lot. See Augustin Hall's 2020 CE summary.
There is a good possibility that, like Zebu cattle, iron smelting reached central Africa from India. In return, millets, tamarind etc., traveled.
The coming decade will tell us lots more.
N. Ganesan
Smelting of Iron in India and Africa:
An important essay on ancient iron working in Central Africa. Pringle, Heather (2009), "Seeking Africa's First Iron Men", Science, 323 (5911): pp. 200–202. I attach the article.
Many later jl. articles are there in this subject, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa
Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P. (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 55–58.
Chirikure, Shadreck (2015). Metals in Past Societies: A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. pp. 17–30
Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13.
https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-63
" Surprisingly early iron smelting installations were found in the Eghazzer basin (Niger), the Middle Senegal Valley (Senegal), the Mouhoun Bend (Burkina Faso), the Nsukka region and Taruga (Nigeria), the Great Lakes region in East Africa, the Djohong (Cameroons), and the Ndio (Central African Republic) areas. It is, however, the discoveries from the northern margins of the Equatorial rainforest, North-Central Africa, in the northeastern part of the Adamawa Plateau that radically falsify the “iron technology diffusion” hypothesis. Iron production activities are shown to have taken place as early as 3000–2500 bce in habitation sites like Balimbé, Bétumé, and Bouboun, smelting sites like Gbabiri, and forge sites like Ôboui and Gbatoro. The last two sites provide high-resolution data on the spatial patterning of blacksmiths’ workshops dating from 2500 to 2000 bce."
The early dates of iron in north-central Africa points to contacts between India and Africa in the Third millennium BCE. In addition, Two important biological diffusions come to mind (1) India's zebu cattle reached Africa in Third millennium BCE, even Egyptian paintings show Zebu cows. (2) Tamarind, a staple of Indian spices, came from Africa to India. when? Second Millennium BCE??
Indian Zebu:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/zebu
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4478499/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36444-7
Tamarind (< Tamar-i-Hind 'date fruit of India') reaching India from Africa also may be an instance early contact between the regions.
https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/babur-to-wwii-to-sonia-gandhi-all-connected-through-the-tamarind-tree-in-india/247670/
"The tamarind made its way to India millenniums ago. Wood charcoal analysis shows us that the tamarind was found in Narhan, in the Ganga valley, by 1300 BC, and also in the pre/early Harappan period in Haryana. The Brahma Samhita scriptures, dating back to between 1200 BC and 200 BC, also talk of the tamarind. "
Obviously, Iron, Zebu, Tamarind migrations and history will have to be researched further to know about African and Indian transmissions. ~NG
Earliest iron smelting in India is from the South. See my note:
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1883637867597222055
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1890024972094980368
An important essay on ancient iron working in Central Africa. Pringle, Heather (2009), "Seeking Africa's First Iron Men", Science, 323 (5911): pp. 200–202. I attach the article.
Many later jl. articles are there in this subject, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa
Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P. (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 55–58.
Chirikure, Shadreck (2015). Metals in Past Societies: A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. pp. 17–30
Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13.
https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-63
" Surprisingly early iron smelting installations were found in the Eghazzer basin (Niger), the Middle Senegal Valley (Senegal), the Mouhoun Bend (Burkina Faso), the Nsukka region and Taruga (Nigeria), the Great Lakes region in East Africa, the Djohong (Cameroons), and the Ndio (Central African Republic) areas. It is, however, the discoveries from the northern margins of the Equatorial rainforest, North-Central Africa, in the northeastern part of the Adamawa Plateau that radically falsify the “iron technology diffusion” hypothesis. Iron production activities are shown to have taken place as early as 3000–2500 bce in habitation sites like Balimbé, Bétumé, and Bouboun, smelting sites like Gbabiri, and forge sites like Ôboui and Gbatoro. The last two sites provide high-resolution data on the spatial patterning of blacksmiths’ workshops dating from 2500 to 2000 bce."
The early dates of iron in north-central Africa points to contacts between India and Africa in the Third millennium BCE. In addition, Two important biological diffusions come to mind (1) India's zebu cattle reached Africa in Third millennium BCE, even Egyptian paintings show Zebu cows. (2) Tamarind, a staple of Indian spices, came from Africa to India. when? Second Millennium BCE??
Indian Zebu:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/zebu
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4478499/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-36444-7
Tamarind (< Tamar-i-Hind 'date fruit of India') reaching India from Africa also may be an instance early contact between the regions.
https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/babur-to-wwii-to-sonia-gandhi-all-connected-through-the-tamarind-tree-in-india/247670/
"The tamarind made its way to India millenniums ago. Wood charcoal analysis shows us that the tamarind was found in Narhan, in the Ganga valley, by 1300 BC, and also in the pre/early Harappan period in Haryana. The Brahma Samhita scriptures, dating back to between 1200 BC and 200 BC, also talk of the tamarind. "
Obviously, Iron, Zebu, Tamarind migrations and history will have to be researched further to know about African and Indian transmissions. ~NG
Earliest iron smelting in India is from the South. See my note:
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1883637867597222055
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1890024972094980368
On Thu, Feb 13, 2025 at 6:47 AM N. Ganesan <naa.g...@gmail.com> wrote:
உலக அளவில் எப்போது மனிதன் இரும்பை உருக்கிப் பட்டறையில் அடித்துப் பயன்படுத்தத் தொடங்கினான்? ஆர்க்கியாலஸ்ட்ஸ் செய்யும் ஆய்வுகள். Tamils' contribution,
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1883637867597222055
Good to know about P. A. Krishnan's article.
https://www.outlookindia.com/national/tamil-nadu-cms-iron-age-claims-omitting-inconvenient-questions
BTW, his father, Sri. Pakshirajaingar and our appichi, Sri. K. Arunachala Gounder (who was U Ve Sa's student at Meenakshi college, before it became Annamalai University) were together in Rasikamani TKC's Vatta Thotti. P. A. Krishnan's zoom meeting on Iron in TN, https://youtu.be/6AjBgULXnQY
As the young archaeologist, Disha A., says these scientific findings will be debated and researched for a long time. Especially, what happens to the next 2000 years in South India, after Iron is made. Listen to Prof. Dilip Chakrabarti, Cambridge University archaeologist, and Rakesh Tewari, DG, ASI (Retd.) talking about the recent dates from Tamil Nadu. https://youtu.be/fssasSurRCA?t=360 My take: Iron tech spread from South to North India, though the start dates need to be determined by more research and, we need more spots like Sivakalai. I've read the important article in Science journal, "Seeking Africa's First Iron Men", 2009. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.323.5911.200
People asked me about P. A. Krishnan's article. My மறுமொழி (on important finds of very early iron in TN) is at,
There will be a long debate, excavations, dating methods, ... etc., in Archaeology for decades to come about the ushering in of Iron Age in India and Africa.
https://x.com/naa_ganesan/status/1883637867597222055
~NG
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