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Critic #1: James Tour, PhD (chemist and nanotechnologist; ID advocate)
Below is a word-for-word excerpt starting from the 8th page of this reference:
https://www.discovery.org/m/securepdfs/2021/02/Tour-MeyerMOLO.pdf (pp326-327 of the book “The Mystery of Life’s Origin”)
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Critic #2: William Bains, PhD (astrobiologist)
Interleaved with Tour’s bullet points are selected quotes from this article: “Getting Beyond the Toy Domain. Meditations on David Deamer’s ‘Assembling Life’”.
It's a thoughtful, informed and sympathetic though challenging assessment, as evidenced by its tone and content, and the author’s acknowledgements: "I am grateful to Janusz Petkowski and Sukrit Ranjan, for helpful and constructive comments on earlier versions of this diatribe, to David Deamer for detailed commentary that put me right on a few points, and to Bruce Damer for similarly insightful input."
David Deamer is an elder statesman of OOL science. Although Bains gives a serious critique of the Deamer’s book and the current state of OOL research, he is nevertheless a strong advocate for both.
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My point is this: here is an authoritative OOL advocate who provides a confirmation of each of Tour’s points, which are, IMO, a justifiably sarcastic summary of the grossly misleading portrayal of OOL chemical synthesis experiments and progress.
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A Tale of Two Critics: James Tour / [William Bains]
Chemical synthesis experiments in origin of life can be summed up by a protocol analogous to this:
* Purchase some chemicals, generally in high purity, from a chemical company.
[Of course OOL chemists understand that 99% pure reagents were not available at OOL. The hope is that by exploring what happens in “clean” chemistry you can gain insight into messier chemistry, and so edge towards more realistic scenarios. Indeed, there is a growing body of work on “messy chemistry”—doing lab chemistry with mixtures and accepting impure products as valid outputs [45,46]. Most researchers, even some working on such chemical schemes, understand that lab chemistry is only a tiny part of the whole problem. But that is not the primary issue. It is a tiny part solved in an unrealistic way.]
* Mix those chemicals together in water in high concentrations and a specific order under some set of carefully devised conditions in a modern laboratory—sets of conditions that often would be difficult to replicate in a non-laboratory environment on early earth.
[In my view, almost all the OOL chemistry that I see is Toy Domain chemistry. It is making single types of biochemicals in a controlled laboratory setting using pure chemicals that might, just might, have been present in trace amounts in a complex mixture of thousands of other chemicals at OOL, under conditions that might have existed and might have persisted long enough, and then stopping the reaction at exactly the right time to maximize the yield of what you want (See [44], especially Chapter 5). It neglects that many of the postulated starting materials are themselves unstable. It neglects that they will react with other chemicals present. It neglects that the intermediates will all react with each other, and with the products.]
* Obtain a mixture of compounds that have a resemblance to one or more of the basic four classes of chemicals needed for life: carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids, or lipids. Most of the time they are synthesized in racemic (both mirror images) or near racemic form, not in homochiral form.
[And this does not even start to address chirality. And it also does not address that pernicious little word “function”.]
* Identify the desired compound in a mixture of many other isomers and products. Then buy (or make, using modern non-abiotic methods) a purified version of that desired compound and proceed to the next step.
[To illustrate, let us accept that organic chemicals accumulate in subaerial ponds and that lamellae would form and that cycles of dehydration would happen and that they would drive dehydration chemistry. What actually would you form if you did not start from pure chemicals?]
* Publish a paper making bold extrapolations about origin of life from these functionless crude mixtures of stereochemically scrambled intermediates.
[The research does tell us something about chemistry. But it is not something that has much relevance to OOL, because if you carry out lab organic chemistry on anything approaching a plausible pre-biotic aqueous organic soup you never get life. You get tar. Even if you do it in vesicles.]
* Engage with the often over-zealous press to dial up the knob of unjustified origin-of-life projections.
[And indeed there has been a major advance in the use of the term “major advance” in the OOL literature; 75% of all papers using the phrase “major advance” in the context of origin of life listed in Google Scholar were published after 2011. But what many such advances are is a new scenario—new location, new suggested set of pure reagents to react, a new chain of specific reactions that have be demonstrated, one at a time, in the lab. They are all new Toy Domains. Deamer admits a lot of this.]
* Watch the misled and mesmerized layperson exclaim, “You see, scientists understand how life formed!”
[There is also a lot of excitement about “systems chemistry” and “autocatalytic” systems, catalysed mainly by Stuart Kauffman [58]… Even within the biochemical networks of established life, random chemistry occurs and degrades the components of metabolism (e.g., the reaction of amines with sugars, amino acid side-chains with each other etc. [61]). Any sufficiently complex set of reactive and catalytic molecules is, in fact, Benner’s tar [44]. We need something more.]
* Accept a generation of science textbooks yielding colorful, deceptive cartoons of raw chemicals assembling into cells, which then emerge as slithering creatures from a prehistoric pond.
[Again, the term ‘Protocell’ is used to mean any liposome-like membrane encapsulating other molecules. In my opinion, a vesicle encapsulating random organic molecules is almost as far from life as the bulk “prebiotic soup” from which it was made. To draw “Protocells → Progenote” in a diagram [11] skips over everything about how that transition happens, i.e., how life originates!]
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