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View - Forestry Nepal
You've visited this page 3 times. Last visit: 5/16/15by RS Pande - Cited by 1 - Related articlesAug 28, 2010 - depressa and the subsidiary species were Potentilla pedunculosa, Primula obliqua, Carex spp. and Geranium polyanthes. In the Kobresia-type ...Status of rangeland resources and challenges for its improvement in Nepal: A review Rameshwar Singh Pande1 Chabahil-7, PO Box 10245, Kathmandu, Nepal 1 krishi...@gmail.com2 of rangelands, the Livestock Master Plan identified the following types of rangelands vegetation [7]: Tropical: Phragmites-, Saccharum- and Imperata-type Sub-tropical: Themeda- and Arundinella-type Temperate: Andropogon-type Sub-alpine: Danthonia-type Alpine: Kobresia-type Steppe A. Tropical Rangelands Vegetation (Phanta) Tropical vegetation are found in Terai (altitude ranges 60– 1000 m), the southern parts of Nepal bordering India. In this region, the climate is humid – warm tropical, summer is hot (35–38OC) and winter is cool. Rainfall is quite heavy, averaging 1917 mm/yr and occurs mainly during monsoon (July to September). Most of the growth of the grasses takes place during the monsoon period. Humid tropical rangelands are more confined inside the national parks and wildlife reserves of Terai. The rangelands of this zone are called ‘Phanta’ in Nepali. The characteristic feature of such rangeland is the dominance of tall grasses such as Phragmites, Saccharum and Imperata spp. The rangelands of this zone are associated with the evergreen hardwood forest. These grasses have low feeding value; however, they provide excellent shelter for wildlife. Tropical rangelands are rapidly disappearing. Most of the tropical rangelands outside the national parks and wildlife reserves are converted into cultivable lands. Remnants of these species can be found in the uncultivated barren lands, river and roadside. No attempt has been made to evaluate the feeding value of these grasses in Nepal. As these grasses are coarse and fibrous, the feed value is considered as low. Besides the animal feed these grasses are also used for thatching, to prepare household materials such as broom, mats and for paper mills. The dry matter (DM) production is considered to be about 3–4 Mt DM/ha of herbaceous forage and about 250 kg DM/ha of browse materials [8–12]. Wide ranges of tree/ shrub species grown in this region are used as fodder sources [3, 13, 14]. B. Sub-tropical Rangelands Vegetation The sub-tropical rangelands are found in the Middle hills between the elevations of 1000–2000 m. In this zone, subtropical climate is found, the temperature ranges between 15 and 20_C and rainfall is 1700 mm/yr. These are the open grazing lands appearing in small patches associated with the evergreen forests around the vicinity of human dwellings. The forest vegetation is chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), chilaune (Schima wallichii) and Castonopsis spp. These rangelands are developed by clearing the forest trees for domestic use. The characteristic feature of these rangelands is the domination of the Arundinella, Themeda, Thysanolaena and other grass species. Most of the rangelands suitable for crop cultivation are converted into croplands. Most of these rangelands are heavily grazed out and are in poor conditions. The productivity of these rangelands are estimated to be about 1.5– 2.0 mt DM/ha of herbaceous forage and 300 kg DM/ha of browse materials [3, 9–15]. The feed quality of these grasses is of medium quality. C. Temperate Rangelands Vegetation (Kharka) The temperate rangelands are found at an elevation between 2000 and 3000 m. In this zone, summer is mild and winter is cold, average temperature ranges between 10 and 15_C and average rainfall is 1500–1700 mm/yr. This type of rangelands is characterized by the domination of Andropogon spp. The most common species such as Pennisetum flaccidum (Nepali name: Dhimso) is used to make hay by the farmers of this region. These rangelands are associated with the evergreen oak (Quercus spp. and Pinus excelsa) forest. Study on species composition of natural rangelands at Guthichaur Sheep Farm, Jumla in June 1989 showed that Chrysopogon grylus and Arundinella hookeri are the major indigenous grass species either in caged or uncaged areas. The relative density of the abovementioned species was 54.5 and 33.2%, respectively in the caged areas, whereas in the uncaged area the relative density was 70.0 and 18.4% [16]. Temperate rangelands have major contribution in high altitude livestock production. The productivity of these rangelands is estimated about 1–1.5 mt DM/ha of herbaceous forage and 1500 kg of browse/ha [9– 11]. D. Sub-alpine Rangelands Vegetation The sub-alpine rangelands are found at an elevation between 3000 and 4000 m. The region is semi-arid, average temperature is 3–10OC, and annual rainfall is very low, varying from 150 to 500 mm/yr depending on the location. These rangelands are important sources of animal feed for the migratory stock. Nomadic herds of yak, chauris and sheep depend heavily on these rangelands during summer. The grasses are associated with Rhododendrons, Betula spp., Tsuga dumosa, Danthonia and Stipa spp. The productivity of this rangeland is about 1.5 t DM/ ha of the herbaceous foliage [9–11]. E. Alpine Rangelands Vegetation The alpine rangelands are situated above 4000m and are covered with snow most of the year. During summer, when snow melts, the grasses grow very quickly and complete their life cycle. During this period these rangelands provide 3–4 months of grazing to the nomadic herds of yak, chauris and sheep. A small number of different plant communities are common in this region. The Department of Medicinal Plants reported that in alpine meadow of Langtang Valley the major species were Cortia depressa and Kobresia spp. In the Cortiatype meadow, 40–80% of the coverage was occupied by C. depressa and the subsidiary species were Potentilla pedunculosa, Primula obliqua, Carex spp. and Geranium polyanthes. In the Kobresia-type meadow, Kobresia spp. occupied 40–90% of the coverage and the subsidiary species varied between different sites. On the slopes, the meadows were dominated with gramineous vegetation. The major species were Carex spp., Agrostis and Poa spp. On the level ground of open meadow, Caltha palustris was a dominant species. The abundance of Caltha spp. on well grazed rangelands may be the result of unpalatability to the animals. Caltha could be poisonous to the livestock .The other major species on level ground was Potentilla coriandrifolia and others [17]. On the exposed ridge, the dominant species was Oxygraphis glacialis. Whereas on gravely slopes with mosey
Thanks a lot, Chadwell ji.
Thanks a lot, Chadwell ji.
Winner of Wipro-NFS Sparrow Awards 2014 for efloraofindia.
For identification, learning, discussion & documentation of Indian Flora, please visit/ join our Efloraofindia Google e-group (largest in the world- around 2800 members & 2,65,000 messages on 31.3.17) or Efloraofindia website (with a species database of more than 12,000 species & 2,50,000 images).
The whole world uses my Image Resource of more than a thousand species & eight thousand images of Birds, Butterflies, Plants etc. (arranged alphabetically & place-wise). You can also use them for free as per Creative Commons license attached with each image.
Also author of 'A Photoguide to the Birds of Kolkata & Common Birds of India'.