Not sure, but you could check out launch templates. There's no way to do it directly via a launch configuration that I know of.
You CAN do it after the fact by running appropriate userdata scripts, and there is some discussion out there on the Internet about ways to do this.
You can also use the AWS CLI to tag the volumes after they've been created. For example, run a cron job that locates untagged volumes, loads up the instance details and then tags the volumes with e.g. one or more of the instance tags. That may or may not be some thing you could do with Ansible.
Regards, K.