Bert Hutchings:
>>> Younger people know the nursery rhyme as "Ten Little Indians".
>>> Older people knew it as "Ten Little Nigger Boys".
Tony Cooper:
>> I am an "older people", but have seen/heard the "Ten Little Niggers"
>> version only as a reference to an original version that was used
>> before my time.
Cheryl Perkins:
> No doubt its usage varied by both place as well as time.
Yes. The original rhyme has "Indians"; the "Niggers" version is British.
As I wrote here in 1996:
I have here "The Agatha Christie Companion: The Complete Guide to
Agatha Christie's Life & Work" by Dennis Sanders and Len Lovallo
(1984, Avalon Books edition 1985, ISBN 0-517-47925-7), and the rest
of this posting is from information in that source, plus a few items
from Leonard Maltin's movie guidebook.
Apologies in advance to anyone who is offended, as I am myself,
by some of the usages that follow.
First, the rhyme. The original version of it was called "Ten Little
Indians"; it was written in 1868 by Septimus Winner of Philadelphia,
who also wrote under the pseudonym Alice Hawthorne and was also the
author of the 1864 song "Where Oh Where Has My Little Dog Gone?".
The first four lines are:
Ten little Injuns [sic] standin' in a line,
One toddled home and then there were nine;
Nine little Injuns swingin' on a gate,
One tumbled off and then there were eight.
Less than a year after this song had been published in London,
an adaptation of it was written for British music hall audiences
by Frank Green. This 1869 version was called "Ten Little Niggers"
and the first four lines are:
Ten little Nigger boys went out to dine;
One choked his little self and then there were nine.
Nine little Nigger boys sat up very late;
One overslept himself and then there were eight.
Green's version not only changes the ethnic group and the details
of what happened to each of the ten, but adds various British
place names.
The original publication of the book [i.e. the novel by Agatha
Christie] was in Britain in 1939, by Collins. It includes the
full Frank Green version of the rhyme and had the same title:
"Ten Little Niggers".
The first US edition, in 1940, was published by Dodd, Mead. They:
- Changed the setting from Nigger Island (shaped like "a man's
head ... with negroid lips") to Indian Island (shaped like
"a man's head -- an American Indian profile").
- Changed the title to "And Then There Were None".
- Substituted Indian for Nigger in the rhyme and throughout
the story.
Note that the story was built around the details of the Green
version of the rhyme, so substituting the original Winner version
would introduce further consistency problems. Sanders and Lovallo
aren't clear on this point, but I believe US editions merely replaced
Nigger by Indian within Green's version.
Subsequent US editions of the book have used two *more* titles: "Ten
Little Indians" and "The Nursery Rhyme Murders". The first of these
is familiar to me, but I've never seen a copy bearing the other title.
Sanders and Lovallo said that the title "And Then There Were None"
had returned to favor in the US at the time they were writing.
Christie, who wrote plays as well as books, adapted this one herself
for the stage. It opened in London in 1943 and in New York in 1944.
Again the title was "Ten Little Niggers" and "And Then There Were
None" in the two countries. The ending of the original book conformed
to Green's version of the rhyme; for the stage, she changed it in a
manner perhaps suggested by Winner's version. This change was then
carried over into at least three of the movie versions (I don't know
about the last one, which postdates Sanders and Lovallo).
The next version to appear was the 1945 film, directed by Rene Clair.
According to Sanders and Lovallo, the same two titles "And Then There
Were None" and "Ten Little Niggers" were used in the US and Britain
respectively. I have no confirmation from another source that "Ten
Little Niggers" was used for the film in Britain, though.
The three later, inferior films all came from the same producer, in 1966,
1974, and 1989 (Sanders and Lovallo give the first two dates are 1965 and
1975). The were all called "Ten Little Indians", and moved the location
successively from an island off the coast of Britain to the Alps, Iran,
and Africa. The IMDB says that the title "And Then There Were None" was
also used for the 1974 film.
The original title, "Ten Little Niggers", continued to be used for the
book in Britain at least up to the time of Sanders and Lovallo's book.
On at least one occasion, in 1966, there were protests against the title
when a new production of the play appeared; it was changed to "And Then
There Were None" for at least that production.
Searching a couple of library catalogs, I found several instances of
"Ten Little Indians" (including one for the play and one in Thai) and
more of "And Then There Were None". "Ten Little Niggers" also turned
up under that title, not only the original book but also in Spanish,
French, and Hungarian translations.
[Original signature retained on reposting for nostalgia value]
--
Mark Brader,
m...@sq.com "Information! ... We want information!"
SoftQuad Inc., Toronto -- The Prisoner
My text in this article is in the public domain.