Shared modules are pretty cool. To be honest, I'd love to see this feature get built out, but there's a lot of work ahead of us for that to happen.
As far as I know shared modules was originally implemented for (and is used by) a Chrome OS feature. Unfortunately, shared modules never made their way into the hands of extension developers. To be honest I'm a little surprised (and excited) to hear you were able to create a functional proof of concept. There was a long period where it was implemented in a way that meant only hardcoded shared module IDs could be loaded in Chromium. Similarly, I don't think the Chrome Web Store has ever allowed extension developers to upload shared modules.
So, to directly address your questions: no extension devs should not be able to upload shared modules to the Chrome Web Store (but maybe someday?). Chromium supports them because they're used by the Chromium project itself.
Simeon - @dotproto
Chrome Extensions DevRel