I'll try posting again [try this yourself, and watch the NSA
interception].
[Still no luck. This ain't no 'computer error' either, so I'll try a
different posting 'strategy' ... stay tuned.
"The most notorious of RAND's writers and theorists were the nuclear
war strategists, all of whom were often quoted in newspapers and some
of whom were caricatured in Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr.
Strangelove, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb.
(One of them, Herman Kahn, demanded royalties from Kubrick, to which
Kubrick responded, "That's not the way it works Herman.") ".
More to follow ...
This review below is utterly mind-boggling, truly incredible,
unnervingly startling: people talk of farcical, unhinged 'conspiracy
theories' while others just mention ... The RAND Corporation ....
-------------------------------
20th attempt!
Google - this is SO bizarre - won't/refuses to accept the link to the
article referred to above, so I'm 'translating' it from its URL into
'English':
H Tee Tee Pee semi-colon forward-slash forward-slash
pacificfreepress dot com forward-slash
content forward-slash
view forward-slash
2552 forward-slash
1 forward-slash
If you don't believe me, try posting it here via Google as an URL/
link.
Fucking amazing (those Google censorship algorithms!)
Excerpts:
The RAND Corporation was the ur-think tank, the Cold War granddaddy
of
them all, and it's still with us. In the 1950s, nuclear war-gaming a
conflagration for which the usual war games would have been
ludicrous,
it took the U.S. military into virtuality and science fiction long
before there was an Internet to play with. (And it had a hand in
creating the Internet, too!) In the 1960s, it helped several
administrations plan and fight the Vietnam War, making antiseptic
theory into an all-too-grim reality. And that's just the beginning of
the work RAND did on a range of hot-button imperial issues.
[For a brief period in the 1960s, Chalmers Johnson was a RAND
consultant. Now, the author of the prophetic pre-9/11 book Blowback
and, most recently, of Nemesis, The Last Days of the Republic, which
every news day seems to make more relevant, turns to the think tank
that did it all.]
-------------------------------
Excerpts:
-----
The RAND Corporation of Santa Monica, California, was set up
immediately after World War II by the U.S. Army Air Corps (soon to
become the U.S. Air Force). The Air Force generals who had the idea
were trying to perpetuate the wartime relationship that had developed
between the scientific and intellectual communities and the American
military, as exemplified by the Manhattan Project to develop and
build
the atomic bomb.
Soon enough, however, RAND became a key institutional building block
of the Cold War American empire. As the premier think tank for the
U.S.'s role as hegemon of the Western world, RAND was instrumental in
giving that empire the militaristic cast it retains to this day and
in
hugely enlarging official demands for atomic bombs, nuclear
submarines, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and long-range
bombers. Without RAND, our military-industrial complex, as well as
our
democracy, would look quite different.
----------
RAND'S group of nuclear war strategists was dominated by Bernard
Brodie, one of the earliest analysts of nuclear deterrence and author
of Strategy in the Missile Age (1959); Thomas Schelling, a pioneer in
the study of strategic bargaining, Nobel Laureate in economics, and
author of The Strategy of Conflict (1960); James Schlesinger,
Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975, who was fired by President
Ford for insubordination; Kahn, author of On Thermonuclear War
(1960);
and last but not least, Albert Wohlstetter, easily the best known of
all RAND researchers.
Abella calls Wohlstetter "the leading intellectual figure at RAND,"
and describes him as "self-assured to the point of arrogance."
Wohlstetter, he adds, "personified the imperial ethos of the
mandarins
who made America the center of power and culture in the postwar
Western world."
--------------------
Collbohm and his colleagues recruited a truly glittering array of
intellectuals for RAND, even if skewed toward mathematical economists
rather than people with historical knowledge or extensive experience
in other countries. Among the notables who worked for the think tank
were the economists and mathematicians Kenneth Arrow, a pioneer of
game theory; John Forbes Nash, Jr., later the subject of the
Hollywood
film A Beautiful Mind (2001); Herbert Simon, an authority on
bureaucratic organization; Paul Samuelson, author of Foundations of
Economic Analysis (1947); and Edmund Phelps, a specialist on economic
growth. Each one became a Nobel Laureate in economics.
Other major figures were Bruno Augenstein who, according to Abella,
made what is "arguably RAND's greatest known -- which is to say
declassified -- contribution to American national security: . . .the
development of the ICBM as a weapon of war" (he invented the multiple
independently targetable reentry vehicle, or MIRV); Paul Baran who,
in
studying communications systems that could survive a nuclear attack,
made major contributions to the development of the Internet and
digital circuits; and Charles Hitch, head of RAND's Economics
Division
from 1948 to 1961 and president of the University of California from
1967 to 1975.
Among more ordinary mortals, workers in the vineyard, and hangers-on
at RAND were Donald Rumsfeld, a trustee of the Rand Corporation from
1977 to 2001; Condoleezza Rice, a trustee from 1991 to 1997; Francis
Fukuyama, a RAND researcher from 1979 to 1980 and again from 1983 to
1989, as well as the author of the thesis that history ended when the
United States outlasted the Soviet Union; Zalmay Khalilzad, the
second
President Bush's ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, and the United
Nations; and Samuel Cohen, inventor of the neutron bomb (although the
French military perfected its tactical use).
-----------------------
It is also important to note that RAND's analytical errors were not
just those of commission -- excessive mathematical reductionism --
but
also of omission. As Abella notes, "In spite of the collective
brilliance of RAND there would be one area of science that would
forever elude it, one whose absence would time and again expose the
organization to peril: the knowledge of the human psyche."
Following the axioms of mathematical economics, RAND researchers
tended to lump all human motives under what the Canadian political
scientist C. B. Macpherson called "possessive individualism" and not
to analyze them further. Therefore, they often misunderstood mass
political movements, failing to appreciate the strength of
organizations like the Vietcong and its resistance to the RAND-
conceived Vietnam War strategy of "escalated" bombing of military and
civilian targets.
Similarly, RAND researchers saw Soviet motives in the blackest, most
unnuanced terms, leading them to oppose the détente that President
Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger
sought
and, in the 1980s, vastly to overestimate the Soviet threat. Abella
observes, "For a place where thinking the unthinkable was supposed to
be the common coin, strangely enough there was virtually no internal
RAND debate on the nature of the Soviet Union or on the validity of
existing American policies to contain it. RANDites took their cues
from the military's top echelons." A typical RAND product of those
years was Nathan Leites's The Operational Code of the Politburo
(1951), a fairly mechanistic study of Soviet military strategy and
doctrine and the organization and operation of the Soviet economy.
--------
While Abella does an excellent job ferreting out details of
Wohlstetter's background, his treatment comes across as a virtual
paean to the man, including Wohlstetter's late-in-life turn to the
political right and his support for the neoconservatives. Abella
believes that Wohlstetter's "basing study," which made both RAND and
him famous (and which I discuss below), "changed history."
Starting in 1967, I was, for a few years -- my records are imprecise
on this point -- a consultant for RAND (although it did not consult
me
often) and became personally acquainted with Albert Wohlstetter. In
1967, he and I attended a meeting in New Delhi of the Institute of
Strategic Studies to help promote the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty
(NPT), which was being opened for signature in 1968, and would be in
force from 1970. There, Wohlstetter gave a display of his well-known
arrogance by announcing to the delegates that he did not believe
India, as a civilization, "deserved an atom bomb." As I looked at the
smoldering faces of Indian scientists and strategists around the
room,
I knew right then and there that India would join the nuclear club,
which it did in 1974. (India remains one of four major nations that
have not signed the NPT. The others are North Korea, which ratified
the treaty but subsequently withdrew, Israel, and Pakistan. Some 189
nations have signed and ratified it.) My last contact with
Wohlstetter
was late in his life -- he died in 1997 at the age of 83 -- when he
telephoned me to complain that I was too "soft" on the threats of
communism and the former Soviet Union.
Albert Wohlstetter was born and raised in Manhattan and studied
mathematics at the City College of New York and Columbia University.
Like many others of that generation, he was very much on the left
and,
according to research by Abella, was briefly a member of a communist
splinter group, the League for a Revolutionary Workers Party. He
avoided being ruined in later years by Senator Joseph McCarthy and J.
Edgar Hoover's FBI because, as Daniel Ellsberg told Abella, the
evidence had disappeared. In 1934, the leader of the group was moving
the Party's records to new offices and had rented a horse-drawn cart
to do so. At a Manhattan intersection, the horse died, and the leader
promptly fled the scene, leaving all the records to be picked up and
disposed of by the New York City sanitation department.
After World War II, Wohlstetter moved to Southern California, and his
wife Roberta began work on her pathbreaking RAND study, Pearl Harbor:
Warning and Decision (1962), exploring why the U.S. had missed all
the
signs that a Japanese "surprise attack" was imminent. In 1951, he was
recruited by Charles Hitch for RAND's Mathematics Division, where he
worked on methodological studies in mathematical logic until Hitch
posed a question to him: "How should you base the Strategic Air
Command?"
Wohlstetter then became intrigued by the many issues involved in
providing airbases for Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombers, the
country's primary retaliatory force in case of nuclear attack by the
Soviet Union. What he came up with was a comprehensive and
theoretically sophisticated basing study. It ran directly counter to
the ideas of General Curtis LeMay, then the head of SAC, who, in
1945,
had encouraged the creation of RAND and was often spoken of as its
"Godfather."
In 1951, there were a total of 32 SAC bases in Europe and Asia, all
located close to the borders of the Soviet Union. Wohlstetter's team
discovered that they were, for all intents and purposes, undefended
--
the bombers parked out in the open, without fortified hangars -- and
that SAC's radar defenses could easily be circumvented by low-flying
Soviet bombers. RAND calculated that the USSR would need "only" 120
tactical nuclear bombs of 40 kilotons each to destroy up to 85% of
SAC's European-based fleet. LeMay, who had long favored a preemptive
attack on the Soviet Union, claimed he did not care. He reasoned that
the loss of his bombers would only mean that -- even in the wake of a
devastating nuclear attack -- they could be replaced with newer, more
modern aircraft. He also believed that the appropriate retaliatory
strategy for the United States involved what he called a "Sunday
punch," massive retaliation using all available American nuclear
weapons. According to Abella, SAC planners proposed annihilating
three-quarters of the population in each of 188 Russian cities. Total
casualties would be in excess of 77 million people in the Soviet
Union
and Eastern Europe alone.
Wohlstetter's answer to this holocaust was to start thinking about
how
a country might actually wage a nuclear war. He is credited with
coming up with a number of concepts, all now accepted U.S. military
doctrine. One is "second-strike capability," meaning a capacity to
retaliate even after a nuclear attack, which is considered the
ultimate deterrent against an enemy nation launching a first-strike.
Another is "fail-safe procedures," or the ability to recall nuclear
bombers after they have been dispatched on their missions, thereby
providing some protection against accidental war. Wohlstetter also
championed the idea that all retaliatory bombers should be based in
the continental United States and able to carry out their missions
via
aerial refueling, although he did not advocate closing overseas
military bases or shrinking the perimeters of the American empire. To
do so, he contended, would be to abandon territory and countries to
Soviet expansionism.
Wohlstetter's ideas put an end to the strategy of terror attacks on
Soviet cities in favor of a "counter-force strategy" that targeted
Soviet military installations. He also promoted the dispersal and
"hardening" of SAC bases to make them less susceptible to preemptive
attacks and strongly supported using high-altitude reconnaissance
aircraft such as the U-2 and orbiting satellites to acquire accurate
intelligence on Soviet bomber and missile strength.
In selling these ideas Wohlstetter had to do an end-run around SAC's
LeMay and go directly to the Air Force chief of staff. In late 1952
and 1953, he and his team gave some 92 briefings to high-ranking Air
Force officers in Washington DC. By October 1953, the Air Force had
accepted most of Wohlstetter's recommendations.
Abella believes that most of us are alive today because of
Wohlstetter's intellectually and politically difficult project to
prevent a possible nuclear first strike by the Soviet Union. He
writes:
"Wohlstetter's triumphs with the basing study and fail-safe not only
earned him the respect and admiration of fellow analysts at RAND but
also gained him entry to the top strata of government that very few
military analysts enjoyed. His work had pointed out a fatal
deficiency
in the nation's war plans, and he had saved the Air Force several
billion dollars in potential losses."
A few years later, Wohlstetter wrote an updated version of the basing
study and personally briefed Secretary of Defense Charles Wilson on
it, with General Thomas D. White, the Air Force chief of staff, and
General Nathan Twining, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in
attendance.
Despite these achievements in toning down the official Air Force
doctrine of "mutually assured destruction" (MAD), few at RAND were
pleased by Wohlstetter's eminence. Bernard Brodie had always resented
his influence and was forever plotting to bring him down. Still,
Wohlstetter was popular compared to Herman Kahn. All the nuclear
strategists were irritated by Kahn who, ultimately, left RAND and
created his own think tank, the Hudson Institute, with a million-
dollar grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
RAND chief Frank Collbohm opposed Wohlstetter because his ideas ran
counter to those of the Air Force, not to speak of the fact that he
had backed John F. Kennedy instead of Richard Nixon for president in
1960 and then compounded his sin by backing Robert McNamara for
secretary of defense over the objections of the high command. Worse
yet, Wohlstetter had criticized the stultifying environment that had
begun to envelop RAND.
--------------------
Wohlstetter's activism on behalf of American imperialism and
militarism lasted well into the 1990s. According to Abella, the rise
to prominence of Ahmed Chalabi -- the Iraqi exile and endless source
of false intelligence to the Pentagon -- "in Washington circles came
about at the instigation of Albert Wohlstetter, who met Chalabi in
Paul Wolfowitz's office." (In the incestuous world of the neocons,
Wolfowitz had been Wohlstetter's student at the University of
Chicago.) In short, it is not accidental that the American Enterprise
Institute, the current chief institutional manifestation of
neoconservative thought in Washington, named its auditorium the
"Wohlstetter Conference Center." Albert Wohlstetter's legacy is, to
say the least, ambiguous.
Needless to say, there is much more to RAND's work than the strategic
thought of Albert Wohlstetter, and Abella's book is an introduction
to
the broad range of ideas RAND has espoused -- from "rational choice
theory" (explaining all human behavior in terms of self-interest) to
the systematic execution of Vietnamese in the CIA's Phoenix Program
during the Vietnam War. As an institution, the RAND Corporation
remains one of the most potent and complex purveyors of American
imperialism. A full assessment of its influence, both positive and
sinister, must await the elimination of the secrecy surrounding its
activities and further historical and biographical analysis of the
many people who worked there.
The RAND Corporation is surely one of the world's most unusual, Cold
War-bred private organizations in the field of international
relations. While it has attracted and supported some of the most
distinguished analysts of war and weaponry, it has not stood for the
highest standards of intellectual inquiry and debate. While RAND has
an unparalleled record of providing unbiased, unblinking analyses of
technical and carefully limited problems involved in waging
contemporary war, its record of advice on cardinal policies involving
war and peace, the protection of civilians in wartime, arms races,
and
decisions to resort to armed force has been abysmal.
For example, Abella credits RAND with "creating the discipline of
terrorist studies," but its analysts seem never to have noticed the
phenomenon of state terrorism as it was practiced in the 1970s and
1980s in Latin America by American-backed military dictatorships.
Similarly, admirers of Albert Wohlstetter's reformulations of nuclear
war ignore the fact that these led to a "constant escalation of the
nuclear arms race." By 1967, the U.S. possessed a stockpile of 32,500
atomic and hydrogen bombs.
In Vietnam, RAND invented the theories that led two administrations
to
military escalation against North Vietnam -- and even after the think
tank's strategy had obviously failed and the secretary of defense had
disowned it, RAND never publicly acknowledged that it had been wrong.
Abella comments, "RAND found itself bound by the power of the purse
wielded by its patron, whether it be the Air Force or the Office of
the Secretary of Defense." And it has always relied on classifying
its
research to protect itself, even when no military secrets were
involved.
-------------------
Perhaps the greatest act of political and moral courage involving
RAND
was Daniel Ellsberg's release to the public of the secret record of
lying by every president from Dwight D. Eisenhower to Lyndon Johnson
about the U.S. involvement in Vietnam. However, RAND itself was and
remains adamantly hostile to what Ellsberg did.
---------------------
.......
[ ... ]
I Think I Now Need To Go And Lie Down ...
(Oh, and I see that the inventor of Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds has
just passed away).
H tee tee pee COLON forward-slash forward-slash
pacificfreepress DOT com forward-slash
content forward-slash
view forward-slash
2552 forward-slash
1 forward-slash
[what's even more incredible than the book and the review article is
the idea that Google is seemingly being supplied by the NSA/RAND with
URL addresses/website details with direct instructions to ban all
access to them!!!]
["Wendy! Go check it out! Go check it out! HaHaHaHa ... HeeHeeHeeHee!"]
Just read the article/review and am trying to link it myself out of
simple curiosity (hope I'm not assassinated, although that will put an
end to all the pending suits against me!):
I guess it's true! I had to delete the link to post this!
Anyway, I'm still not quite clear on just who it was that authored
"World Targets in Mega-deaths"... It is interesting stuff however...
"Dr. Strangelove, do we have anything like that in the works?"
i
"piop"
Yes, I guess it's the pacific free press site itself that can not be
linked here through Gargle groups at least... a pretty rad site
actually, never seen it until today actually...
Yes, I wonder about the "WTiMD" tome myself. It reminds me of
Borges: he'd stuff his tales with references to books and authors
that didn't exist, but in *DS* it's even more mysterious: the author
is missing. A poetic, if disturbing, title.
W : )
The Global Brain has eliminated all this worry.
Did it die for your sins?
dc
One thing it did was forget to include him....
Perhaps he's one of Herman's Hermits (as "the findings of a recent
RAND Corporation study suggest.")
Re the censorship of that website by Google Groups, it's pretty
disconcerting, as it's a very informed website. Whoever could have
authorised it? You don't see Google censoring, say, neo-nazi etc
websites or those of all kinds of mad, extremist groups, but then,
Google actively colludes with the Chinese authorities in the latter's
VAST blanket censorship of internet sites from access in China. I
wonder how they'll (Google and the Chinese heavies) handle the tens of
thousands of journalists and others from all over the world when they
descend on Beijing for the Olympics this summer. At present, any
reporter in China has all their communications - phone, internet, etc
- monitored and vouched. If they send an e-mail, for instance, that
includes words or phrases like 'falun gong' or 'tibet protests' or
'human rights abuses' it's blocked and their internet connection
mysteriously goes dead, while their hotel room is so bugged that even
the real (insect) bugs have to move out.
I can't post the URL either.
oh, you already did this.
lets see what happens if I paste it into a working link.
http://pacificfreepress.com/content/view/2552/1
dc
When I try to post it, I get this error:
"We were unable to post your message
If you believe this is an error, please contact Google Support."
What did you do? What country are you in? I'm in U.S.
He didn't do anything, because he doesn't post here via Google Groups
but by using another newsreader.
Nobody 'authored' it, of course. Death of the Author (post-
structuralism!). 'It is written. It has always been written' - just
like Jack Torrance, who has always been the caretaker!
>> Yes, I wonder about the "WTiMD" tome myself. It reminds me of
> Borges: he'd stuff his tales with references to books and authors
> that didn't exist, but in *DS* it's even more mysterious: the author
> is missing. A poetic, if disturbing, title.
As with Lovecraft's Necronomicon etc. More recently, Tim Powers'
novel, "The Anubis Gates" is a fabulously inventive variation on this
always-already existing mythical-text-without-an-author theme.
Hyperstition: just because a posited (mythical) text/book never
'existed' (either because it can't be traced/located and/or because it
has no authorship) does not mean that 'it' can't have actual, 'real-
world' effects ... the fictional is invariably, ineluctably moving on
out into social reality all the time; just look here:
ACO's reference to "The Heaven 17" spectral pop group - then became an
actual British pop group in the 1980s.
DR S's 'World Targets in MegaDeaths' mythical RAND study - became (the
name of) an actual Spanish band recently, which describes itself as
"electrocrusthouseviolencedrum'n' core" [see here:
http://www.lostfrog.net/artists/wtim.html].
Actually, it was Turgidson that was hanging on to that tome like it
was a family album, praps a signed copy from the former
Merkwurkdigliebe himself?
"Hmm. A kraut, by any other name, huh, Stainsy?"
i
"piop"
Boy, things are sure getting complicated and civilization is sure
advancing rapidly, aren't they?
Luckily the Global Brain should prevent Human Folly III.
And maybe repeated in The Shining, when it was Jack Torrance who was
manic-possessively hanging on to the Overlook Family Scrapbook, praps
a signed copy from the former Demierge himself :-)?
[Poor Alexander Walker, he spent weeks preparing that scrapbook for
Kubrick only for it to end up being just oh-so briefly glimpsed on
Jack's desk in the film. So I wonder who 'prepared' the
Merkwurkdigliebe for Dr S ... yes, obviously that parasitic Reidneck
chap, who Turgidson later had quietly Reidacted, but who was later
resurrected from his Reidundancy by the Overlook's spectral former
owners for some two-way Bearsuit fellReidio action].
LOL! That leapt out of the "real country dark" like a leopard with
flashing eyes!
"We fillied around for a while with other travelers of the night,
playing hogs of the road."
i
"piop"
When I first read Borges, I wrote down the references with the
intent of looking them up at the library. I did...and couldn't find
them. It wasn't until I read a critical study on him did I realize
I'd been had. Borges sent me in pursuit of the proverbial wild
goose!
W : )
PS Lovecraft did the same to me with *Necronomicon*.
... still haven't spotted its ever-expanding malignant tumur,
repeating and insisting on itself over and over and over??
Posting this via the Agent newsreader and the Aioe public news server
(SSL encrypted, IP anonymous).
http://pacificfreepress.com/content/view/2552/1
[BTW, Kelps, none of your posts show up on the Agent newsreader].
Apparentenly some news servers blocks all posts from Time
Warner/Comcast/Adelphia (the biggest) and Cox cable domain servers, as
though it is all spam. But not in every area.
I post using Windows Mail (essentially the new Outlook Express,) with Time
Warner cable in Southern California.
"attributable to human error"
dc