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Akira (Japanese: アキラ) is a 1988 Japanese animated cyberpunk action film[4] directed by Katsuhiro Otomo, produced by Ryōhei Suzuki and Shunzō Katō, and written by Otomo and Izo Hashimoto, based on Otomo's 1982 manga of the same name. Set in a dystopian 2019, it tells the story of Shōtarō Kaneda, the leader of a biker gang whose childhood friend, Tetsuo Shima, acquires incredible telekinetic abilities after a motorcycle accident, eventually threatening an entire military complex amid chaos and rebellion in the sprawling futuristic metropolis of Neo-Tokyo.
While most of the character designs and settings were adapted from the manga, the plot differs considerably and does not include much of the last half of the manga, which continued publication for two years after the film's release. The soundtrack, which draws heavily from traditional Indonesian gamelan as well as Japanese noh music, was composed by Shōji Yamashiro and performed by Geinoh Yamashirogumi.
Akira was released in Japan on July 16, 1988, by Toho; it was released the following year in the United States by Streamline Pictures. It garnered an international cult following after various theatrical and VHS releases, eventually earning over $80 million worldwide in home video sales.[5] It has been cited as a masterpiece and is widely regarded by audiences and critics as one of the greatest films ever made, especially in the field of animation and in the action and science fiction genres. It is regarded as a landmark in Japanese animation, and the most influential and iconic anime film ever made.[6][7][8][9][10] It is also a pivotal film in the cyberpunk genre, particularly the Japanese cyberpunk subgenre,[11] as well as adult animation.[12] The film had a significant impact on popular culture worldwide, paving the way for the growth of anime and Japanese popular culture in the Western world as well as influencing numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.[3][12][13]
Akira had pre-scored dialogue (wherein the dialogue is recorded before the film starts production and the movements of the characters' lips are animated to match it;[20] a first for an anime production and extremely unusual even today for an anime,[21] although the voice actors did perform with the aid of animatics),[14] and super-fluid motion as realized in the film's more than 160,000 animation cels.[19] Computer-generated imagery was also used in the film (created by High-Tech Lab. Japan Inc. and the cooperative companies for computer graphics, Sumisho Electronic Systems, Inc. and Wavefront Technologies), primarily to animate the pattern indicator used by Doctor Ōnishi, but it was additionally used to plot the paths of falling objects, model parallax effects on backgrounds, and tweak lighting and lens flares.[14] Unlike its live-action predecessors, Akira also had the budget to show a fully realized futuristic Tokyo.[22]
The film's production budget was 700 million[1] ($5.5 million),[2] with the combined production and advertising budget believed to be reaching 1.1 billion ($9 million).[1][23] This figure has caused some sources to claim it was the most expensive anime film at the time of release,[22][23] however, this claim has been disputed by the film's producer Shigeru Watanabe.[24]
The teaser trailer for Akira was released in 1987. The film's main production was completed in 1987, with sound recording and mixing performed in early 1988. It was released in 1988, two years before the manga officially ended in 1990. Otomo is claimed to have filled 2,000 pages of notebooks, containing various ideas and character designs for the film, but the final storyboard consisted of a trimmed-down 738 pages.[14] He had great difficulty completing the manga; Otomo has stated that the inspiration for its conclusion arose from a conversation that he had with Alejandro Jodorowsky.[25] He later recalled that the film project had to begin with the writing of an ending that would bring suitable closure to major characters, storylines, and themes without being extraordinarily lengthy, so that he could know in reverse order which manga elements would make the cut into the anime and thus suitably resolve the manga's various elements into a lean, two-hour story.[26] Otomo has called making the film before finishing the manga "the worst possible idea".[27] Although he came to like having two similar but different versions of the same story, he still felt too much of the original was cut out of the film.[27]
One of the film's key animators was Makiko Futaki; she went on to become a lead animator for Studio Ghibli films such as Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Princess Mononoke (1997) and Howl's Moving Castle (2004), before passing away in 2016.[28] Another key animator who worked on Akira was former Shin-Ei animator Yoshiji Kigami; he animated several entire scenes in Akira, such as the action scene in the sewers. He later joined Kyoto Animation.[29]
Akira was released by Toho on July 16, 1988. At the Japanese box office, it was the sixth highest-grossing Japanese film of the year, earning a distribution income (distributor rentals) of 750 million in 1988.[30] This made it a moderate success at the Japanese box office.[51] By 2000, the film had earned a Japanese distribution rental income of 800 million.[32] The film's 4K remaster received a limited Japanese IMAX re-release in May 2020.[52]
The film saw limited release by Streamline Pictures in North American theaters on December 25, 1989, and grossed about $2.2 million in the United States.[36] In 2001, Pioneer Entertainment re-released the film in select theaters from March through December 2001, making it the 20th digital cinema release in North America.[53] The restored 4K version was shown in North American movie theaters on September 24, 2020, and for multiple days in select IMAX auditoriums and other cinemas worldwide.[54][55]
In the United Kingdom, Akira was theatrically released by Island Visual Arts on January 25, 1991.[56] It debuted at number three on the UK box office charts, grossing 439,345 in its opening weekend. The film was fourth place the following week, was in the top ten for four weeks, and in the top 12 for seven weeks, grossing 878,695 by early March 1991.[36] It was re-released on July 13, 2013, celebrating the 25th anniversary of the film, and again on September 21, 2016. The 4K and IMAX re-release in October 2020 debuted at number three on the UK box office charts, grossing 201,124 in its opening weekend.[36]
Producer Kodansha commissioned an English dub of the film in 1989 that was produced and written by L. Michael Haller and directed by Wally Burr.[57][58][59]The dub was acquired by the fledgling Streamline for the initial North American release, with co-founder Carl Macek leading the distribution.[60][61] This version became known as the "Streamline dub", despite Streamline not being involved in its production.
After Pioneer acquired the rights to the film, a second English dub was commissioned in 2001 for the DVD release to obtain THX certification.[62][63] The new dub was produced by Animaze and directed by Animaze founder Kevin Seymour.[64][65]
In the United Kingdom, Akira was first released on VHS by Island World Communications in 1991.[69] By 1993, the film had sold 60,000 tapes in the United Kingdom,[69] 100,000 tapes in Europe,[32] and 100,000 tapes in the United States.[61] The success of this release led to the creation of Manga Entertainment, who later assumed distribution. Manga released a two-disc DVD set in 2004, which featured the restored version with the Japanese audio Pioneer dub on the first disc and a VHS transfer with the Streamline dub on the second.
A Blu-ray disc edition of the film was released on February 24, 2009, in North America by Bandai Entertainment under the Honneamise label.[70][71] A Blu-ray edition of Akira was subsequently released in Australia by Madman Entertainment under exclusive license from Manga and Kodansha.[72] Madman has recently released a DVD/Blu-ray combo which license is separate from the standalone Blu-ray release because instead of the DVD version being the Manga Video UK version, it uses Madman/Manga's 2001 Special Edition DVD release which is licensed from Manga UK. The Blu-ray release is the first use the format's highest audio sampling rate (Dolby TrueHD 5.1 at 192 kHz for the Japanese audio track) and first to use the hypersonic effect (only available on the Japanese track and on high-end audio systems). Beyond Japanese with English subtitles, the Blu-ray also features the 2001 Pioneer/Animaze English dub (TrueHD 5.1 at 48 kHz). The DVD version was again released in 2012 by Bandai Entertainment. The film was licensed again by Funimation (now Crunchyroll, LLC) following Bandai Entertainment's closure shortly after its DVD release.[73] The Funimation release includes both English dubs, Streamline in stereo and Pioneer in 5.1 surround (both TrueHD at 96 kHz).[74] Funimation released a 25th anniversary Blu-ray/DVD combo and separate DVD release on November 12, 2013, which features the TrueHD Japanese audio and both English dubs (TrueHD at 96 kHz on Blu-ray).[75] Best Buy released a limited edition exclusive Blu-ray Steelbook the same year.
On April 24, 2020, an Ultra HD Blu-ray version was released in Japan by Bandai Namco Entertainment, featuring a 4K HDR remaster sourced from the original 35mm film print, as well as the 192 kHz audio transfer created for prior Blu-ray releases.[76] The same remaster was released by FUNimation on December 22, 2020.[77]
As of 2014[update], the film has earned over $80 million in worldwide home video sales.[69] In the United States, it was the seventh best-selling DVD anime film of all time as of 2006[update][78] and grossed $2,086,180 in Blu-ray sales as of January 2022[update].[79] In the United Kingdom, it was 2020's ninth best-selling foreign language film on physical home video formats and the year's second best-selling Japanese film (below the anime Weathering with You).[80]
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