Water Supply And Sanitation Book Pdf
Fidelia Boldul
Who are the poor people in a country and where do they live? What is their level of access to quality Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services? What are the linkages of inadequate WASH services with health and nutrition? And what are the binding constraints to improving service delivery?
These are the four key questions that a new World Bank initiative set out to answer. This initiative, the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Poverty Diagnostic, encompasses 18 countries, ranging from fragile and conflict-affected states to middle-income countries.
In Guatemala, Niger, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Yemen, and Bangladesh, the rate of stunting among children under 5 is over 30 percent. Stunting is a powerful risk factor associated with 53 percent of deaths related to infectious diseases in developing countries.
WASH, coordinated with other health interventions, can have greater effects on reducing stunting than the sum of only providing adequate WASH services and only providing adequate health services.
WASH investments will have the greatest impact on childhood mortality due to diarrheal disease when they target geographic areas where populations have little access to WASH services and have other vulnerabilities.
In the West Bank, local governments have control over political and administrative functions, but not fiscal authority. In the absence of stable fiscal transfer, they rely on their own revenues from electricity and water to finance their operating budgets.
Offering a comprehensive analysis of water and sanitation indicators, the initiative spans 18 countries around the world and, for the first time, pinpoints specific geographic regions within countries that have inadequate WASH services. It sheds light on major disparities in water supply and sanitation services between rural and urban, poor and non-poor areas.
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, has published its first report of the SDG period, Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines.
The report introduces and defines the new indicators of safely managed drinking water and sanitation services. Estimates of safely managed drinking water services, the indicator for SDG target 6.1, are presented for 96 countries, while estimates are provided for safely managed sanitation services (target 6.2) for 84 countries. SDG target 6.2 also includes hygiene, and the JMP has rebranded itself as the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. This first SDG report presents data on the availability of handwashing facilities with soap and water in the home for 70 countries.
The newly updated JMP website, www.washdata.org, allows visitors to interactively access the full dataset, and download individual country files which include all of the data used to produce the estimates.
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) has reported country, regional and global estimates of progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) since 1990.
Established in 1990, the WHO/UNICEF JMP global database includes estimates of progress in household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene since 2000.
JMP estimates are calculated from data produced by national authorities.
The JMP database includes over 5,000 national data sources with information on WASH in households including nationally representative household surveys, censuses and administrative reports.
The JMP global database includes over 5,000 national datasets enabling the production of estimates for 234 countries, areas, and territories. National, regional and global estimates can be explored online or downloaded for further analysis.
The JMP monitors WASH at the household level and also in schools and health care facilities. JMP reports focus on inequalities in service levels between rural and urban, sub-national regions, rich and poor and other population sub-groups where data permit.
Produced by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, the 2015 Progress Update and MDG Assessment provides a comprehensive review of progress since 1990 and looks back on 25 years of water, sanitation and hygiene monitoring. The report charts major trends in access and service levels over the MDG period and goes on to consider how far improvements in water and sanitation have benefitted different socio-economic groups. It specifically focuses on inequalities between the richest and poorest segments of the population and presents interesting new ways to visualize progress in reducing inequalities, underlining the challenge of achieving universal access post-2015.
This report presents the findings of the fourth assessment by the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. Previous reports were produced in 1991, 1993 and 1996 and were devoted primarily to providing information on water supply and sanitation coverage, and on the progress made at the country level by local agencies in monitoring the sector. The present report updates and consolidates findings of earlier reports through the use of broader and verifiable data sources. Such sources include information from national surveys, which provided the basis for determining most of the coverage figures in this report.
This report constitutes a source of information for water and sanitation coverage estimates, and for supporting decisions relating to investment, planning, management and quality of service in the sector. It aims to inform those within and beyond the water supply and sanitation sector of the current status of water supply and sanitation, and to highlight the huge challenges faced in meeting the need for safe water supply and adequate sanitation world wide. It is written for all those who wish to know where the water and sanitation sector now stands, and how it is changing over time.
Safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental to improving standards of living for people. The improved standards made possible by WASH include, among others, better physical health, protection of the environment, better educational outcomes, convenience time savings, assurance of lives lived with dignity, and equal treatment for both men and women. Poor and vulnerable populations have lower access to improved WASH services and have poorer associated behaviors. Improved WASH is therefore central to reducing poverty, promoting equality, and supporting socioeconomic development. Drinking water and sanitation were targets in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for 2015; under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 period, Member States of the United Nations (UN) aspire to achieve universal access to WASH by 2030. The Human Right to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRTWS) was adopted in 2010 under a UN resolution calling for safe, affordable, acceptable, available, and accessible drinking water and sanitation services for all.1
This chapter summarizes global evidence on current WASH coverage and effects of intervention options, and it recommends areas for research and policy. Evidence comes from published synthesized evidence, such as systematic reviews and meta-analyses, evidence papers, and literature reviews. When those sources were not available, evidence was compiled from the next best sources of published research, thus using accepted criteria of the hierarchy of evidence for studies on health effectiveness. Unpublished and grey literature was used where no peer-reviewed published evidence exists.
To understand the status of drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene, one must make a distinction between different levels of service access and population practices. All populations meet water and sanitation needs in some way, but those ways are often not sufficient, reliable, safe, convenient, affordable, or dignified. To monitor the MDG water and sanitation target, the UN distinguished between improved and unimproved water and sanitation facilities at home. For the SDG targets, one indicator is proposed per target: (1) for target 6.1, the percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services and (2) for target 6.2, the percentage of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water. Complementing these proposals is a broader set of indicators distinguishing basic and safely managed service levels (table 9.2) (WHO and UNICEF 2015a).
The indicators for global monitoring need to be kept simple for feasibility and cost. However, countries, organizations, and programs often monitor different aspects of service performance, such as quantity, quality, proximity, reliability, price, and affordability (Roaf, Khalfan, and Langford 2005). Some countries adopt more lenient definitions, and some adopt stricter definitions.
The definitions in existing monitoring systems have several limitations. Some limitations are partially addressed by the new indicators for higher-level services. The new indicators were informed by the five normative criteria, as stated in the HRTWS and shown in table 9.2: accessibility, acceptability, availability, affordability, and quality.2
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