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Toni Jarels
You could also experience intrusive thoughts, images, worries, or feelings about future natural disasters, famines, mass extinctions, and other fallouts of climate change. If those intrusive triggers are followed by compulsive behavior or mental actions, you could be experiencing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with a focus on climate themes. Those compulsive behaviors or mental actions could look like:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agentsas well as research tools in regenerative medicine. Development oftechnologies which allow storing and banking of MSC with minimal loss of cellviability, differentiation capacity, and function is required for clinicaland research applications. Cryopreservation is the most effective way topreserve cells long term, but it involves potentially cytotoxic compounds andprocessing steps. Here, we investigate the effect of decreasing dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations in cryosolution by substituting withhydroxyethyl starch (HES) of different molecular weights using differentfreezing rates. Post-thaw viability, phenotype and osteogenic differentiationcapacity of MSCs were analysed.
The study confirms that, for rat MSC, cryopreservation effects need to beassessed some time after, rather than immediately after thawing. MSCscryopreserved with HES maintain their characteristic cell surface markerexpression as well as the osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenicdifferentiation potential. HES alone does not provide sufficientcryoprotection for rat MSCs, but provides good cryoprotection in combinationwith DMSO, permitting the DMSO content to be reduced to 5%. There areindications that such a combination would seem useful not just for theclinical disadvantages of DMSO but also based on a tendency for reducedosteogenic differentiation capacity of rat MSC cryopreserved with high DMSOconcentration. HES molecular weight appears to play only a minor role in itscapacity to act as a cryopreservation solution for MSC. The use of a'straight freeze' protocol is no less effective in maintaining post-thawviability of MSC compared to controlled rate freezing methods.
In this study we attempt an initial comparison of two independent factors:freezing rates and cryopreservation solutions. We analysed their effect onviability, growth characteristics and differentiation potential of rat MSCsafter cryopreservation.
Thawed MSC retain their capacity to differentiate toward osteoblasts,adipocytes and chondrocytes. Qualitative assessment of the osteogenic,adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MSC shows no difference ineffect between the different cryosolutions (Additional file 3 Figure S1), butwe only pursued osteogenic capacity in greater detail.
It is not uncommon to analyze cell viability directly after thawing [47, 48,60-62], however our results clearly show that this is an inaccurate measureof cryopreservation effects in rat MSC, since the different effects ofvarious cryosolutions tested were only observable 3 days after thawing andbeyond. Cryopreservation associated cell death is known to occur from 6 hafter thawing and beyond [63-66]. We investigated different cooling protocolsand found a constant cooling rate of 1[degrees]C per min until -30[degrees]Cfollowed by 5[degrees]C per min until -80[degrees]C and protocols with a fastcooling rate (protocols 1 & 6) are equally suitable considering cellviability and recovery in the cryopreservation of rat MSCs. However, thechoice of protocol seems to have a rather marginal effect on post-thawviability, with little difference to a 'straight freeze' approach(protocols 6) that saves considerable time and effort. Survival rates were inthe range of previous reports and MSC phenotypes were not affected bycryopreservation. It could be argued that protocols 1-3 are essential'the same' with regards to the pre-cooling rate of hypotheticalimportance, i.e., the one that governs the biophysical response of the cellsbeing cooled. Indeed, we observe no difference between these protocols.However, since the different protocols are in practical use we havemaintained their differentiated profile for reference.
For the first time we compared the effects of HES ranging from 109 to 609 kDawith a similar hydroxyl substitution rate on viability and osteogenicdifferentiation. The cryopreservation with HES of different molecular weightshad no effect on survival and differentiation of MSCs.
8. Wang X, Hua TC, Sun DW, Liu B, Yang G, Cao Y. Cryopreservation oftissue-engineered dermal replacement in Me2SO: Toxicity study and effects ofconcentration and cooling rates on cell viability. Cryobiology.2007;55:60.-65.
27. Penninckx F, Cheng N, Kerremans R, Van Damme B, De Loecker W. The effectsof different concentrations of glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide on themetabolic activities of kidney slices. Cryobiology. 1983;20:51.-60.
A single-screw laboratory extruder was used to conduct an L18 (22 X 36) Taguchi fractional factorial study of aquafeed processing. The ingredients were based on a formulation for nutritionally-balanced Nile tilapia diets containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal as the main protein sources, in addition to constant amounts of corn flour, whey, and fish meal. The effects of three levels of DDGS (20, 30 and 40%), soybean meal (30, 40 and 50%), ingredient moisture content (20, 30 and 40% db), screw speed (100, 150 and 200 rpm), barrel temperatures (80-100-100C, 80-120-120C and 80-140-140C), and die dimensions (L/D ratios of 5, 9 and 13), and two levels of screw configuration (compression ratios of 2:1 and 3:1) on extrudate physical properties (moisture content, water activity, color, bulk density, unit density, pellet durability index, expansion ratio, water stability, water absorption and solubility indices) and extruder processing parameters (resulting temperatures, extruder torque, die pressure, mass flow rate, and specific mechanical energy) were determined. Data from raw materials, processing conditions, and extrudate properties were used to develop surface response curves and equations. However, predominantly low R2 values (< 0.5) only permitted linear relationships between some independent parameters and response variables. Regarding main effects, die pressure significantly decreased with higher DDGS levels, moisture content, temperature, lower die L/D, and higher screw compression. Significant differences in color were caused by changes in DDGS levels and moisture content. Expansion ratio decreased significantly with higher moisture content and lower die L/D. In summary, DDGS, moisture content, die dimension, and the extruder had the biggest impact on most of the extrudate physical properties and processing conditions. Different combinations of these independent factors can be used to achieve desired extrudate physical properties and processing conditions.
Abstract:We reviews different experimental models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) used in recent studies. The most widely used one is Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV), which represents the late severe stage in the exudative form of AMD. Other models are based on several different pathogenesis, like geographic atrophy, drusen formation or multifactorial effects, like age, light, high fat, etc. It is hoped that this article could become a good reference for researchers who need to choose suitable models for AMD study.
Abstract:AIM: To observe the effects of topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) application on the rabbits corneal limbus. METHODS: 5-FU was applied topically to the corneoscleral region of rabbits' eyes. The animals were sacrificed immediately or 7, 15, 30 and 60 days later, and tissues were submitted to histological examination. RESULTS: All animals presented corneoscleral deepithelization close to the site of application during the immediate postoperative period, whereas on the 4th postoperative day ulceration was no longer present. Histological examination showed absence of epithelium and slight edema. After one week(G2), 2 animals presented epithelial defects, thickened epithelium with larger basal cells and loose chromatin, and slight subepithelial edema. The remaining groups showed no alterations. CONCLUSION: The 5-FU topically applied on the corneoscleral limbus postpones the epithelization.
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