Thonburi Font Family

[Irma Tchakian]

Ina XeLaTeX document whose main language is non-Latin (in the sense of using non-Latin alphabet), I'd like the Latin text to be typeset with a different font family from that of the main text. How do I do that in an automatic, document-wide manner?

If your question was asking whether it's possible to detect the language automatically from the source, the answer is, possibly (see the other answers) although these methods add some complication. The safest route is to use some markup to distinguish the different languages.

With this feature, each character is assigned a "char class", and if the char class switches (say from Thai to Latin) from one character to the next in the source, additional material can be inserted. In the example, \thaifont is inserted when the char class switches from default to Thai, and \otherfont when the char class switches from Thai to the default.

If you're one of those types that gets captured by details,your first reaction to opening a web page on Ubuntu wasprobably that of your breath being taken away by how wellfonts are rendered (unless you're used to Mac, in which caseyou would have noticed little difference).

Note:Check outSo I installed Ubuntu... Now what?for a one-shot command that will get you the most common fontsas well as perform several other common (and important) tasks for afreshly installed Ubuntu.

You can also narrow your search by searching something like latin fonts -for fonts that work in English, Spanish, Fresh, German, etc -or by specific written script language such as korean fonts or japanese fonts.

For .ttf fonts such as Thonburi.ttf and ThonburiBold.ttf,you should create a single folder with the lowercase name of thefont such as thonburi/, then copy the matching fonts into thatfolder by hand and then move that folder to /usr/share/fonts/truetype/.

The Thonburi Kingdom (Thai: ธนบุรี, IAST: Dhanapura, .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-smallfont-size:85%.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-smallfont-size:100%pronounced [tʰōn būrīː])[2] was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Taksin the Great, who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which saw the country separate into five warring regional states. The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms (Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, Champasak), and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence.[3]

The Thonburi Kingdom saw the consolidation and continued growth of Chinese trade from Qing China, a continuation from the late Ayutthaya period (1688-1767), and the increased influence of the Chinese community in Siam, with Taksin and later monarchs sharing close connections and close family ties with the Sino-Siamese community.

Phraya Tak, personal name Sin,[4] Zheng Zhao (鄭昭)[5] or Zheng Xin (鄭信), was a nobleman of Teochew Chinese descent.[6][7] By the time of Burmese Invasion of 1765-1767, Phraya Tak had been the governor of Tak and called to join the defense of Ayutthaya.[5] In January 1767, about three months before the Fall of Ayutthaya, Phraya Tak gathered his own forces of 500 followers[7] and broke through the Burmese encirclement to the east. After battling with Burmese scouting forces and some local resistances, Phraya Tak and his retinue settled in Rayong on the eastern Siamese coast.[8] There, Phraya Tak competed with Pu Lan the Phraya Chanthaburi or the governor of Chanthaburi for domination over the eastern coastline. In the famous episode, Phraya Tak ordered all cooking pots in the supplies to be destroyed and then successfully took Chanthaburi in June 1767. Phraya Tak established his dominions of influence on the eastern coast stretching from Bang Plasoi (Chonburi) to Trat.

Ayutthaya fell in April 1767. Due to the intervening Sino-Burmese War, Burma was obliged to divert most of its forces from Ayutthaya to the Chinese front.[4] The Burmese had left a garrison at Phosamton to the north of Ayutthaya under the command of the Mon Thugyi. The Burmese were in control only in Lower Central Siam as the rest of Siam fell into the hands of various warlord regimes that sprang up. In the northeast, Prince Kromma Muen Thepphipit established himself in Phimai.[9] To the north, Chaophraya Phitsanulok Rueang made his base in Phitsanulok, while the heterodox monk Chao Phra Fang[8][9] founded a theocratic regime in Sawangkhaburi. To the south, Phra Palat Nu or Chao Nakhon[8] became the leader of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) regime.[4]

In October 1767,[5] Phraya Tak left Chanthaburi and took his fleet of 5,000 men[7][10] to the Chao Phraya. He took Thonburi and proceeded to attack the Burmese at Phosamton[11] in November, defeating the Burmese commander Thugyi or Suki.[8] Phraya Tak founded the new Siamese capital at Thonburi and enthroned himself as king there in December 1767.[7] He is colloquially and posthumously known as King Taksin, combining his title Phraya Tak and his name Sin.[citation needed] For strategic reasons, Taksin decided to move the capital from Ayutthaya to Thonburi, making it easier for commerce.[7] Six months after the Fall of Ayutthaya, Taksin managed to reconquer and establish his powers in Central Siam. A Burmese force from Tavoy arrived to attack the Chinese encampment of Bangkung in Samut Songkhram. King Taksin repelled the Burmese in the Battle of Bangkung in 1768.[12]

King Taksin then went on his campaigns against other competing rival regimes to unify Siam.[4] He first moved against Phitsanulok in the north in 1768 but was defeated at Koeichai with Taksin himself got shot at his leg. Thonburi went on to conquer the Phimai regime in the northeast in 1768 and the Nakhon Si Thammarat regime in October 1769.[10] Prince Thepphiphit was executed[10] but Nakhon Nu of Ligor was allowed to live in custody. In the north, Chao Phra Fang conquered and incorporated the Phitsanulok regime in 1768,[8] becoming a formidable opponent of Taksin. In 1770, the forces of Chao Phra Fang penetrated south as far as Chainat. King Taksin, in retaliation, led the Thonburi armies to capture Phitsanulok in August 1770. Thonburi forces continued north to seize Sawangkhaburi. Chao Phra Fang escaped and disappeared from history. With the conquest of the last rival regime by 1770, Taksin's position as the ruler of Siam was assured[13] and Siam was unified at last.

In the eighteenth century, the port city of H Tin, ruled by the Cantonese Mạc Thin Tứ, arose to become the economic center of the Gulf of Siam.[14] After the fall of Ayutthaya, two Ayutthayan princes: Prince Chao Sisang and Prince Chao Chui, took refuge at Oudong the royal city of Cambodia and H Tin, respectively. The Qing Chinese court at Beijing refused to recognize King Taksin as the ruler of Siam in Chinese tributary system because Mạc Thin Tứ had told Beijing that the remaining descendants of the Ayutthayan dynasty were with him in H Tin.[15] In 1769, King Taksin urged the pro-Vietnamese King Ang Ton of Cambodia to send tributes to Siam. Ang Ton refused and Taksin sent armies to invade Cambodia in 1769 but did not meet with success.[16]

In 1771, Taksin resumed his campaigns to invade Cambodia and H Tin in order to find the Ayutthayan princes and to put the pro-Siamese Ang Non on the Cambodian throne. King Taksin ordered Phraya Yommaraj Thongduang (later King Rama I) to bring the army of 10,000 men to invade Cambodia by land, while King Taksin himself with Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian (陳聯, called Trần Lin in Vietnamese sources)[14] as the admiral invaded H Tin with the fleet of 15,000 men. H Tin fell to Siamese invaders in November 1771. Phraya Yommaraj was also able to seize control of Oudong and Cambodia. Both Mạc Thin Tứ and the Cambodian king Ang Ton fled to Cochinchina under the protection from the Nguyen Lord. Taksin appointed Chen Lian as the new governor of H Tin with the title of Phraya Rachasetthi.[14] The Siamese armies continued in search for Mạc Thin Tứ and Ang Ton but were defeated by Vietnamese forces at Chu Đốc.[14] Taksin put Ang Non in power in Cambodia with himself returning to Thonburi in December 1771, leaving Chen Lian in H Tin and Phraya Yommaraj to be in charge in Cambodia.

Prince Chui was captured and brought to be executed at Thonburi,[14] while Prince Sisang died in 1772. The Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phc Thuần organized the Vietnamese counter-offensives[14] in order to restore Mạc Thin Tứ and Ang Ton to their former positions. Chen Lian, the Siam-appointed governor of H Tin, was defeated and left H Tin for three days until he managed to raise a fleet to retake the city. The Vietnamese commander Nguyễn Cửu Đm led the armies to seize control of Phnom Penh and Cambodia in July 1772,[14] prompting Ang Non to move to Kampot. However, this Siamese-Vietnamese War coincided with the uprising of the Ty Sơn, which began in 1771, against the Nguyen Lord's regime. Instability at home made the Nguyen Lord order Mạc Thin Tứ to make peace with Siam in 1773. Taksin then realized that the Siamese control over Cambodia and H Tin was untenable. He ordered the withdrawal of Siamese troops from Cambodia and H Tin in 1773 but not before 10,000 Cambodians were taken as captives to Siam.[17]

Ang Ton resumed his rule in Cambodia. With the Vietnamese support dwindling due to the Ty Sơn uprising, however, Ang Ton decided to reconcile with his rival Ang Non and with Siam. Ang Ton abdicated in 1775 in favor of Ang Non, who became the new pro-Siamese King of Cambodia.[14] With the Ayutthayan princes gone, the Qing court had improved attitudes towards Taksin.The Qing finally recognized Taksin as Wang (王) or King[5] or the ruler of Siam in 1777 in the Chinese tributary system.

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