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Jemima Babicke
What about the drift? It turns out the Master Clock itself was not properly calibrated. After it fired with the laser pulse, at the start of each 0.6 second data chunk, it then drifted slightly during the next 0.6 seconds, by a total of 74 nanoseconds. Then it would be re-synchronized 0.6 seconds later (albeit incorrectly, due to the improper fiber connection) by one of the laser pulses coming down the fiber. On average, its drift would have an effect of 37 nanoseconds, but it would be worse at some times and better at others during the 0.6 second chunk of data. This effect would make the neutrinos appear to arrive late, but turns out to be insufficient to cancel the effect of the fiber.
When the fiber was screwed in correctly, but the Master Clock was drifting, neutrinos (or anything else) that arrived at the start of the 0.6-second chunk of data should have been properly timed, but those that arrived later should have had timing off by an amount that grows linearly in time across the data chunk, reaching 74 nanoseconds apparent-late-arrival for those that arrive at the end of the 0.6-second data chunk, or an average of 37 nanoseconds late-arrival across the data chunk. This is shown as the green line.
I think the delayed double cosmic muon events has something do with the fact that cosmic muons and neutrinos seemingly get generated in pairs? One cosmic ray generates a bundle of particles including muons and neutrinos. Once in a while, the neutrino would hit a rock and generate another muon. There is a chance the OPERA detector detects both. Of these two muons, if neutrinos are superluminal, the neutrino-muon should arrive before the atmospheric one. See This check actually would have caught the problem since it relies on just local underground timing. Once again, my physics-naive interpretation, but the terminology does seem to fit what is in the paper.
There are multiple clocks involved in OPERA timing. There is a reference clock on the PCI card that the optical fiber from above ground connects to. This clock is locked to the GPS derived signal on the fiber and is updated every 1 ms. There is also a master clock derived from a 20 MHz oscillator. This is a free running clock and is not locked to anything. It is the clock whose frequency was discovered to deviate by 124 ppb from nominal. At the start of the DAQ cycle (which is 0.6s in duration) the time kept by the reference clock is recorded and the time kept by the 20 MHz master clock is zeroed. Whenever an event happens, the time is recorded as the sum of the elapsed time kept by the master clock since the beginning of the DAQ cycle plus the reference clock time at the beginning of the DAQ cycle. The timing error from the reference clock is 73 ns, in the direction of making neutrinos appear to arrive early. For the bunched beam data (neutrinos bursts lasting a few ns) the average time of the events from the beginning of the DAQ cycle was 75 ms. This gives an average deviation (drift) of the master clock time of 124 x 10^-9 x 75 ms = 9 ns, in the direction of making neutrinos appear to arrive later. These add up to making neutrinos appear to arrive about 64 ns early.
Now there appears following question. Why we obtained the correct results, i.e. consistent with the generalized theory of neutrinos described within the Everlasting Theory, in the OPERA experiment in spite of the cable failure? And the answer is obvious. I claim that the next experiments will confirm that the OPERA results are correct. In the ICARUS experiment, the density of information was much, much lower than in the OPERA experiment so we should not take such results seriously.
The superluminal neutrinos appear only when the weak decays of the muons (the MINOS experiment), relativistic pions (the OPERA experiment) and the W bosons (the SN 1987A explosion) take place inside the baryons i.e. inside the strong fields. We should not shorten the neutrino impulses because for sufficiently short impulses we can eliminate almost all superluminal neutrinos.
Everyone reading this should know that what you are describing is your own personal theory and that you are not a professional physicist. The fact that you would suggest that neutrinos have three different speeds, one for one range of energy, a totally different one for a second range of energies, and a totally different third one for a third range of energies, shows you know very little about nature. Energy is observer-dependent; so is speed; and the way they depend on each other makes it impossible to make your suggestions mathematically consistent.
It is not clear the solutions proposed by Alcubierre are physically realizable; they are at best controversial. Moreover they require huge amounts of energy, and presumably would not occur spontaneously in a terrestrial laboratory.
At this point I only have one question: If, back in September 2011, or again in November 2011, OPERA had published its results without any mention of the energy of the neutrinos it had detected would we be satisfied with that? Then why are we satisfied when the March 2012 ICARUS paper makes no mention of the energies of the 7 neutrinos it detected?
The assumption is that time is discrete, not continuous. If so;
Particles with mass go 10**20 times C, if they go at all , but for a very short distance.
Only the later neutrinos went faster for 20 meters as the first had to change space in any burst.
Particles with out mass can go 90% of the distance between galaxcies at that speed.
Gravitons with this range explain ALL dark energy. And include such other events as
Flybys, Pioneer Anomaly, all warped galaxies, Stability of Bar galaxies., etc.
It is possible that the CERN experiment indicates that the accepted value of c, based as it is on measurements in the non-absolute vacuum of space, is too low? If our local space has a refractive index of > 1.000025 then the correct value of c would be sufficiently large for the neutrinos not to be violating the laws of special relativity; though admittedly such an index is quite a large value.
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