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Heatrelated illnesses, like heat exhaustion or heat stroke, happen when the body is not able to properly cool itself. While the body normally cools itself by sweating, during extreme heat, this might not be enough. In these cases, a person's body temperature rises faster than it can cool itself down. This can cause damage to the brain and other vital organs.

Older adults, the very young, and people with mental illness and chronic diseases are at highest risk. However, even young and healthy people can be affected if they participate in strenuous physical activities during hot weather.

Summertime activity, whether on the playing field or the construction site, must be balanced with actions that help the body cool itself to prevent heat-related illness. Use this website to learn more on how to stay safe in the heat this summer, including how to prevent, recognize, and cope with heat-related illness.

If you are a disaster survivor, please visit FEMA.gov for up-to-date information on current disaster declarations. If you have questions about your disaster assistance application, you can call (800) 621-3362, visit disasterassistance.gov or use the FEMA mobile app.

There is hot, and then there is hot! Extreme heat is a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees for at least two to three days. In extreme heat your body works extra hard to maintain a normal temperature, which can lead to death. Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards.

Know the signs of heat-related illnesses and ways to respond. If you are sick and need medical attention, contact your healthcare provider for advice and shelter in place if you can. If you are experiencing a medical emergency call 9-1-1.

If you have signs of heat cramps or heat exhaustion, go to a cooler location and cool down by removing excess clothing and taking sips of sports drinks or water. Call your healthcare provider if symptoms get worse or last more than an hour.

Extreme heat is deadly. New Yorkers' bodies are not used to long periods of extreme heat, and this increases our risk. Health risks include dehydration, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and worsening of health conditions. Everyone is at risk for heat-related illness, but older adults, children, people who work outdoors, and people with existing health conditions are at more risk of getting sick when it's hot. Learn about Extreme Heat and Health in New York State and how summertime temperatures impact New Yorkers.

Cooling centers are air-conditioned places to cool down during extreme heat. Recreational areas, including spray parks and community pools, are also great places to cool off. Find a cooling center near you.

To date, climate research has yet to show that any given event was caused solely by global warming. However, over the past decade, research has demonstrated that climate change due to global warming has made many extreme events more likely, more intense, longer-lasting, or larger in scale than they would have been without it. For many of the events that have been studied, global warming has been identified as the primary driver of the event, not just a supporting player. And a number of recent studies have concluded that certain heat-related extreme events would not have been possible without human-caused global warming. Learn more here and here.

Extreme event attribution is the science of figuring out what caused a given extreme weather or climate event, and weighting the relative influence of global warming versus natural variability. The biggest collection of research dedicated to understanding the causes of extreme events is published annually in a special issue of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. The most recent edition of the report, Explaining Extreme Events in 2018 from a Climate Perspective, was the eighth in the series. (The report covering a selection of events from 2019 is soon to be released). Together, these eight reports have documented 168 attribution studies, 73 percent of which identified a substantial link between an extreme event and human-caused climate change, whereas 27 percent did not. To learn more, go here and here.

Seneviratne, S.I., N.Nichols, D. Easterling, C.M. Goodess, S. Kanae, J. Kossin, Y. Luo, J. Marengo, K. McInnes, M. Rahimi, M. Reichstein, A. Sorteberg, C. Vera, and X. Zhang (2012): "Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment." In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, pp. 109-230.

Zhu, Y. and Z. Toth: Extreme Weather Events and their Probabilistic Prediction by the NCEP Ensemble Forecast System. Published online at www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/gmb/ens/target/ens/albapr/albapr.html (accessed August 2013).

Because San Francisco was a temperate city with a cool coastal climate, our bodies and our buildings are largely un-adapted for extreme temperatures. San Francisco has the lowest rate of air conditioning ownership in the country.3

A San Francisco extreme heat event is any temperature in the top two percent of all San Francisco temperatures between the years 1961- 1990. By this standard, in San Francisco an extreme heat event is officially any day over 85F.

Nighttime temperatures are rising faster than daytime temperatures.6 The combination of high daytime and nighttime temperatures means our bodies and our buildings have little time to cool before temperatures increase again the following day. Evidence suggests that increases in daily minimum temperatures may be more dangerous to human health than increases in daily maximum temperatures.7

The health impacts of extreme heat are significant. Heat is responsible for more deaths a year than any other weather hazard.9 Nearly 700 Americans die from extreme heat each year.10 Extreme heat has direct health impacts and can exacerbate many underlying health conditions. Analyses that examine the relationship between temperature and deaths, hospitalizations, and emergency department visits often show extreme heat is correlated with more health impacts than those diagnosed as heat-related. The health impacts of extreme heat are likely underreported.11

While everyone is vulnerable to the health impacts of extreme heat, not everyone will be impacted evenly. The communities that suffer the most are the ones who already currently carry the heaviest health burden. This inequitable distribution of health impacts is referred to as the climate gap. Certain communities will be particularly impacted based on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity.

Exposure refers to a person's proximity (or exposure) to extreme heat. Exposure can vary from neighborhood to neighborhood, community to community, and household to household. Things that can modify exposure include:

Sensitivity refers to a person's physiological reaction to extreme heat. Two people may be equally exposed to extreme temperatures, but one person may be more sensitive to that exposure. Sensitivity varies from person to person. People that are particularly sensitive to extreme heat include:

Adaptive capacity refers to the ability of a person to prepare for or respond to extreme heat. Two people may be equally exposed and equally sensitive, but one person may be more resilient because they have access to political, economic, or social resources. Adaptive capacity can be influenced by:

Submit to our journals. Our high impact, editorial quality and speed, and choice of open access are why AMS journals are the ideal place to share your research with the world. Why publish with AMS

The eleventh edition of the report, Explaining Extreme Events from a Climate Perspective, presents peer-reviewed analyses of extreme weather and climate across the world during the previous two calendar years. It features the research of scientists from across the globe looking at both historical observations and model simulations to determine whether and by how much climate change may have influenced particular extreme events.

NEW: BAMS EEE has moved to a rolling submission process for manuscripts

In the past, all contributions to BAMS EEE were released at the AGU Fall Meeting in December. This required a tight timeline where papers were accepted and reviewed between May and the release date. Now, BAMS EEE will accept proposals and papers throughout the year, which will be published and posted to the BAMS EEE website soon after they are accepted following peer review. This will enable authors to share their results as soon as their papers are published. This process still requires that a proposal be submitted and approved before submitting a manuscript.

BAMS EEE will be released at the American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting

The next edition of BAMS EEE will be released at the AMS Annual Meeting in January 2024. There will be a scientific session convened at AMS on climate attribution that will combine presentations of the full compilation of papers accepted and published during 2023, as well as new event attribution research, synthesis and state-of-the-science papers and perspectives.

BAMS EEE submissions during 2023 can include events that occurred in 2022 or 2023

For this edition of the report, we will accept attribution studies for extreme weather events that occurred in 2022 or 2023, rather than a single calendar year. Papers eligible to be included in the scientific session at AMS must be accepted for publication by BAMS no later than December 1, 2023.

BAMS EEE press event at AMS Annual Meeting January 2024

In conjunction with the scientific session at the AMS Annual Meeting, AMS will host a press event highlighting studies published during the previous year as well as new research that is published at the scientific session. The format of the press event will conform to local public health rules, but it is envisioned as both an in-person event to facilitate direct engagement between scientists and the media, as well as being presented virtually, to maximize participation by media who are not present at the meeting. We encourage authors to consider attending AMS to submit an abstract and participate in these attribution sessions. Media queries for this event should be directed to Rachel Thomas-Medwid.

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