Cryostasis Op

[Sherley]

Cryostasis is a preservation method where a human is preserved through lowering of their body temperature. In the Metroid universe, this technology appears to be used for the purpose of preserving the pilot or crew of a spaceship when travelling through space for long periods of time. It is only briefly mentioned at the beginning of Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, when Samus Aran is awoken from cryostasis by the Chozo biotech computer within her Gunship. Beforehand, it also experienced an anomaly during the procedure (with it being implied that Dark Samus had been responsible). Samus lies in her reclined pilot seat while in stasis, which automatically rises as she awakens. Her Varia Suit is then activated, and the mission begins.

Although not observed in other games, it is possible that Samus uses cryostasis when travelling between worlds during her other missions. However, in Metroid: Other M she is seen piloting her Star Ship through space for weeks before receiving the Baby's Cry signal that leads her to the BOTTLE SHIP, and afterward when returning to Galactic Federation Headquarters.

After successfully brainwashing super soldier Bucky Barnes to be their assassin, HYDRA had him cryogenically frozen in a cryostasis chamber to preserve his longevity and prevent him from aging. For nearly seventy years, HYDRA would awaken Barnes from his cryosleep to perform assassinations before returning him to the chamber to sleep.[1]

In 1991, Howard Stark managed to recreate the Super Soldier Serum, prompting HYDRA to send Winter Soldier to assassinate Stark and his wife Maria, and retrieve the serum. In an effort to expand on the Winter Soldier Program, HYDRA injected their most elite death squad with the serum, converting them into Winter Soldiers. However, Stark's serum had side effects, which included mental instability, causing the Winter Soldiers to attack indiscriminately. As a result, HYDRA had the Winter Soldiers placed in several cryostasis chambers. The Winter Soldiers remained asleep in the chambers for nearly twenty-five years, before they were killed in their sleep by Helmut Zemo in 2016.[2]

Following the Duel of Harlem, Emil Blonsky was imprisoned in a cryostasis chamber in Alaska. Phil Coulson threatened Grant Ward to post him to guard Blonsky in his cryo-cell on the night shift if his sexual relationship with Melinda May had adverse effects on Coulson's Team.[3]

Carl Creel was placed in a cryostasis chamber after Phil Coulson incapacitated him with a modified version of the Overkill Device. Coulson delivered Creel in the chamber to Glenn Talbot inside a van. He warned Talbot that the chamber's power had less than an hour before it deactivated because it needed a more stable power source.[4]

After being granted sanctuary in Wakanda, Bucky Barnes was placed in a cryostasis chamber at the Wakanda Medical Center until they could find a way to remove the HYDRA brainwashing and programming within his mind.[2]

Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valleys contain some of Earth's coldest and driest deserts. The environment there is so extreme that the Dry Valleys have been used as Mars analogs to test prototype equipment for future Mars exploration.

To survive these harsh conditions, layers of algae and bacteria in the Dry Valleys overwinter in a freeze-dried state, coming back to life in the summer when neighboring glaciers melt and water flows down the stream channels again. The algae are so hardy that some scientists think they could be well-suited to the harsh conditions of space flight, where they could scrub carbon dioxide from the air, produce oxygen and provide food for astronauts.

This sparked a collaboration with Antarctic researcher Diane McKnight. The researchers used DNA sequencing to characterize the species of green algae that grow as mats in the McMurdo Dry Valleys' meltwater streams. Matula and McKnight will present findings on the algae and bacteria species that make up these mats on Monday, Dec. 12, 2022 at AGU's Fall Meeting in Chicago and online everywhere.

Spacecraft engineers are interested in using algae to close a spacecraft's carbon loop: Algae could produce oxygen and turn carbon dioxide respired by astronauts into biomass that the astronauts then eat and respire back to carbon dioxide. A closed-loop spacecraft would not need to be resupplied from Earth, which would increase how far and for how long humans could travel through space. According to Matula, the same water piping that is currently used to make cabin temperatures survivable for a spacecraft's crew could serve double duty by both growing algae and regulating temperature.

"Sure, we have a readily available 'lab rat' algae, but when you expose them to more extreme environments, the majority of them are stressed or die," said Matula. "So, if the algae are going to be exposed to the extreme environments of space travel, you probably want a species that is better equipped to survive."

Matula and McKnight think that the green algae growing in the McMurdo Dry Valley mats might be the algae that space explorers are looking for. These green algae are well-adapted to large temperature fluctuations similar to those found in spacecraft plumbing, swinging from 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit) to 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit) in a single summer day, McKnight said.

To characterize the algae species in the green mats, Matula and McKnight sequenced the DNA from active, green algae initially collected from eight meltwater streams in the Dry Valleys. They also tried growing one Antarctic algae culture in the same laboratory conditions as their "lab rat" algae, so that they could compare the different species' ability to withstand the fluctuating temperatures typical of the temperature-control piping in spacecraft.

According to McKnight, her team is still working to determine how the algal communities vary between the different streams and how they compare to the algae communities that developed in their laboratory cultures. McKnight did share one clear, preliminary finding: Their cultures were dominated by a narrow group of algae that have been observed in other Antarctic environments before. Growing Antarctic algal species in the lab is a starting point for the research team to better understand how Antarctic algae tolerate oscillating temperatures on daily and seasonal cycles.

The team is planning further experiments to determine how the algal communities vary between the studied streams, how quickly their algae revive from cryostasis, and how algal growth can be optimized in a spacecraft's environment.

More information:Presentation Abstract: Microbial Composition of Chlorophyte-dominated Mats in Glacial Meltwater Streams in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2022). Provided byAmerican Geophysical Union

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Cryopreservation and associated cryostorage has become a well-established technique in both basic and clinical science. When the potentially lethal consequences of freezing itself are ameliorated, existence at cryogenic temperatures seems to be a form of true viable stasis that can persist for long periods of time. Natural cryopreservation and revival after long-term periods in cryostasis is reality in many species. While some evidence exists for imperfections in artificial cryopreservation protocols and storage, these protocols are for the most part successful and compatible with efficient restoration of vitality in a variety of biomaterial after freezing. Clinical protocols in use for cryopreserving and storing gametes and embryos in human-assisted reproduction are similarly well proven and supported by a large body of basic science and clinical outcome data.

Cryostasis, short for cryogenic stasis, is a common medical practice in many cultures through the Milky Way. Cryostasis allows a biological entity to be completely frozen until they are awakened from their stasis. This is often employed when diseases cannot yet be cured but may be cured in the future, or when organs need to be preserved for transplants.

The earliest known record of cryostasis is that of the Necrons. Following the War in Heaven, the Necrons -- as a race -- all entered cryostasis in their massive Tomb Worlds. This was called the Great Sleep.

Diagnosans of the Uncharted Territories widely used cryostasis, employing special cryogenic tubes to hold their frozen patients. Aeryn Sun was briefly frozen inside one after her apparent death. Joolushko Tunai Fenta Hovalis and two of her cousins were also frozen in such tubes after her cousins contracted a fatal illness.

Throughout Earth's history, cryostasis was popular for the wealthy. Sometimes, the frozen patients would be kept aboard cryonics satellites. Most often, humans who entered cryostasis ultimately were never unfrozen. One such satellite -- the SS Birdseye was eventually discovered by the USS Enterprise-D and three of five of the patients were able to revived: L.Q. "Sonny" Clemonds, Ralph Offenhouse, and Clare Raymond.

As humans ventured further and further into space, they began to use cryostasis as a means of keeping passengers alive. Cryostasis was used to preserve those traveling aboard the Unity, and the crew of the Raza were in cryostasis when their memories were wiped out -- effectively changing the course of the galaxy.

Furthermore, following the Eugenics War, the surviving Augments following Khan Noonien Singh were placed in cryostasis aboard the SS Botany Bay and shipped into space. This ship would later be rediscovered by the USS Enterprise.

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