Re: Morrison Feeds And Feeding Book
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Estimates of nutrient availability, calculated as TDN for 106 different feedstuffs generated from various published equations, were compared with TDN for similar feeds listed in the 1961 text by F. B. Morrison titled Feeds and Feeding. Incomplete analysis of carbohydrate fractions limited accuracy of evaluations. Although published equations may satisfactorily rank feeds in energy value, the absolute values, correlations, and SE of the estimates revealed that most equations were inaccurate. Across all feeds and forages, TDN was related most closely to crude fiber (R(2) = 0.68) within data sets from Morrison's text and from the NRC publications concerning Nutrient Requirements for Dairy and for Beef Cattle in 1989 and 2000, respectively. Within the latter data set, of the total variation, ADF accounted for 65% of the variation in TDN across all feeds, 62% of the variation in TDN for concentrate feeds, but only 41% of the variation in TDN of forages. Within the 2001 publication for dairy cattle from the NRC, ADF content was related most closely to TDN for all feeds, but nonfiber carbohydrate was most closely related to TDN of forages (R(2) = 0.81 and 0.69, respectively). To separate true from apparent digestibility of nutrients, fecal excretions of components (i.e., CP, fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract) were regressed against concentrations of these nutrients in feedstuffs and summed to estimate fecal loss. Metabolic fecal loss of OM (MFOM), the difference between true and apparent OM digestibility, was correlated closely with crude fiber content of feedstuffs (R(2) = 0.86) and increased from 7 to 25 g/100 g of diet as dietary crude fiber concentration increased. This may explain why most TDN equations are based on crude fiber or ADF. Whether dietary NDF similarly increases metabolic OM excretion is not certain, but when humans were fed NDF-enriched diets, fecal excretion of nonfiber carbohydrate increased markedly. The impact of crude fiber on nutrient availability of feeds appears to be related more closely to its adverse effect on apparent digestibility of other nutrients than to the amount of energy that fiber itself contributes. Refinements to laboratory methods for measuring fiber digestibility that match apparent in vivo digestibility coefficients for fiber by ruminants is needed, and the origin, composition, and cost of replacing MFOM need additional research.
Finding or formulating organic rabbit feed has been an issue. When Cheryl Wixson of MOFGA-certified organic Rabbit Hill Farm in Stonington, Maine, tried feeding her bunnies alfalfa pellets and cracked corn, they rejected the pellets and ate the corn. Such behavior would result in a diet that is not well balanced.
The Internet offers other examples. Trinity Oaks in Texas feeds 6 parts oats, 1 part barley and 1 part wheat ( -oaks-grain-feed-mix-t6809.html). Rise and Shine Rabbitry in Maine and Lupin Lapin Rabbitry in California also discuss natural sources of feed for rabbits ( -feeding-rabbits/ and -we-feed.html).
These sources discuss different grains and wild or cultivated fresh vegetable matter, and they emphasize the importance of not changing diets abruptly. When feeding any livestock, introduce new feeds gradually.
During ethanol production most of the starch in corn is fermented which leads to a nearly three-fold concentration of the rest of its nutrients. As a result, DDGS contain 27-30 percent crude protein, an energy density similar or even higher than corn grain, and are a good source of phosphorus. Research has shown dairy and beef cattle perform adequately in diets where DDGS constitute almost 1/5 to 1/3 of all feedstuffs in the total ration. Regardless if it is milk or weight gain cattle fed to maximize performance, require balanced, high energy diets. In the US this high energy density is obtained by increasing the concentration of cereal grains, particularly corn. Cattle challenged with higher starch concentrations however can be prone to suffer metabolic problems, acidosis being the most common. To avoid these problems nutritionists either regularly include buffers (i.e. sodium bicarbonate) in the ration or offer them free choice. In fact, to perform at their genetic potential dairy and beef cattle are oftentimes in the verge of subclinical acidosis. This low pH shifts the rumen microbial population with proliferation of non-structural carbohydrate-digesting bacteria in detriment of those that degrade structural carbohydrates. This results in a slow-down of fiber digestion which can usually be verified by the presence of undigested forage particles in the manure. As a result, even in the absence of clinical acidosis, the energy benefit of the inclusion of high energy feedstuffs can be offset by the fact that less energy is obtained from fiber fermentation.
Nutritionists tend to assign values to feeds mostly depending on the nutrients they supply. In fact, least cost ration balancing programs compare feeds based on their nutrient concentration and their price per ton.
The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources has removed deer feeding or feeding and attractant bans in 24 counties to focus restrictions on areas where risk of chronic wasting disease spread is of greatest concern.
A feedlot is an open lot or building intended for feeding, breeding, raising or holding animals where manure may accumulate and no vegetative cover can be maintained. Manure storage structures are considered part of a feedlot, but pasture areas where vegetative cover is established are not considered feedlot for the purposes of MN Rule 7020.
Clare Davidson recalls her memories of a session at the LLLGB Conference in 2016 where Leaders Sarah Gill and Sadie Morrison shared their personal experiences of breastfeeding and mothering twins, and offered tips for Leaders who find themselves supporting mothers with twins.
Many of the worries mothers have about twins may not be about breastfeeding at all, but rather about the practicalities of living with and caring for two babies at the same time. Or they may have concerns about breastfeeding premature babies if their twins were born early. In their session, Sarah and Sadie reminded us that as Leaders we know a great deal about normal baby behaviour and we know about breastfeeding. Therefore thinking of twins as two separate babies with their own unique feeding journeys may help us to realise how many skills we already have to support mothers of twins. Twins can have just the same breastfeeding issues as a single baby.
A rest or feeding zone in the family living area can make some mothers feel closer to the rest of her family while meeting the needs of her babies and herself. Babies can even wear colour-coded outfits for ease of identification and be routinely placed in the same places.
Sadie and Sarah recommended trying every position, such as both babies in rugby (clutch) hold, both babies facing left or right, or both in a classic cradle position. Biological nurturing positions (such as laid-back breastfeeding) may work well singly but may not work as well for feeding together.
Several studies examining the effects of early life exposures - including cesarean delivery (Adlerberth, 2008; Dominguez-Bello et al., 2010; Rutayisire et al., 2016; Shao et al., 2019), formula supplementation (Penders et al., 2006; Madan et al., 2016; Hill et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019), and intrapartum antibiotic exposure (Aloisio et al., 2014; Zeissig and Blumberg, 2014; Langdon et al., 2016; Stearns et al., 2017; Coker et al., 2019) - have described shifts in overall microbial composition and differential abundance of several keystone bacterial taxa. Studies of 6-week to 6-month old infants show a decrease in abundance of Bacteroidetes over time in infants born via cesarean, while Bifidobacterium was observed as the most dominant genus in the vaginally delivered group (Yang et al., 2019). These findings have motivated the investigation of microbiota-altering interventions such as vaginal microbial transfer following operative delivery (Dominguez-Bello et al., 2016); however, the long-term impacts and safety of such interventions are unknown. Clarifying how ongoing exposures like infant feeding and antibiotics can modify the long-term influence of delivery mode on the developing gut microbiome has important implications for early life immune modulation and interventions. A few studies suggest that breastfeeding has the potential to restore the gut microbiota of operatively delivered infants to resemble vaginal-born breast-fed infants within first 3 months of life (Hill et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019). However, larger, prospective studies are lacking.
Infant feeding represents the next major early-life exposure following birth that shapes the infant gut microbiome, and human milk is an important source of nutrition and bioactive factors with multifunctional components that shape the developing immune system (Iwasaki and Medzhitov, 2015; McGuire and McGuire, 2015). Human breast milk, via its residing oligosaccharides (HMOs), serve as prebiotics, and the human milk microbiota provide early life probiotics, shaping the developing infant intestinal microbiome by supporting and facilitating the growth of beneficial microbes and developing immune functions (Newburg and He, 2015; Williams et al., 2019). Many studies (Forbes et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2019) have reported on the perturbation of the infant gut microbiota with formula supplementation. Gut microbiota of formula-fed and vaginal-born CHILD study infants were less enriched with family Veillonellaceae and Clostridiaceae compared to their breastfed, vaginally delivered counterparts (Yasmin et al., 2017). These changes were also evident in cesarean -delivered infants to a lesser extent. Liu et al. (Liu et al., 2019) reported that the relative abundances of Enterococcus, Veillonella, and Faecalibacterium were different between exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed CD infants.
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