From this recent experience, it appears that the contents of all the fields that exist in both databases are copied across. The older database template that I used to create the initial mariadb database already contained some additional 'special' fields, but I had never altered the default schema file reference in weewx.conf, and still haven't done so. Once I had updated the structure of the mariadb database to include the more recently added fields, running the weectl database transfer resulted in a successful transfer of the contents of
all the fields from the old sqlite database.