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Defined by Adi Shankara, each dhāma represents a particular yuga, with Badrinath representing Satya Yuga, Rameswaram representing Treta Yuga, Dwarka representing Dvapara Yuga, and Puri representing Kali Yuga.[3][5] Many Hindus believe visiting these sites can help achieve moksha (liberation or salvation).[6]
According to Hindu legend, Badrinath became prominent when Nara-Narayana, an avatar of Vishnu, performed tapas there. As the area then had a profusion of berry trees, the site was initially named badarikāvaṇa, the forest of berries. Per legend, a large berry tree grew above Nara-Narayana to save him from the rain and the sun. A local interpretation holds that Lakshmi became the berry tree to save Narayana. After completing tapas, Narayana said declared that people should always invoke her name before his. Therefore, Hindus refer to "Lakshmi-Narayana."
The second dhāma, Rameswaram, has its origins in the Treta Yuga when Rama installed a lingam there and worshipped it to get atonement from Shiva for slaying his devotee Ravana.[7] It is believed that Rama's footprints are imprinted there.[8]
The monk Adi Shankara organised four maṭhas (institutions/monasteries) to correspond to the four sites of the Char Dham: the headquarters at Dwarka in the West, Puri in the East, Sringeri Sharada Peetham in the South and Badarikashrama in the North.[10]
Puri, located in the east, is located in the state of Odisha. Puri is one of the oldest cities in the eastern part of the country. It is situated on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The main deity is Krishna, revered as Jagannath. It is the only shrine in India where Subhadra, the sister of Krishna, is worshipped along with her brothers, Jagannatha and Balabhadra. As per temple records, King Indradyumna of Avanti built the main temple of Jagannath at Puri.[13] The present temple was rebuilt from the tenth century onwards, on the site of the pre-existing temples in the compound, but not the main Jagannath temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.[14] Puri is the site of the Govarḍhana Maṭha, one of the four cardinal maṭhas created by Adi Shankara. Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of Jain origin because of the appending of Nath to many Jain tirthankaras.[15]
The word Jagannath means the world personified' in a Jain context, derived from Jinanath. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of Kaivalya, which means moksha or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition.[16] Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the Baisi Pahacha, have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism.[17]
According to Annirudh Das, the original Jagannath deity was influenced by Jainism and is none other than the Jina of Kalinga taken to Magadha by Mahapadma Nanda.[18] The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain Hathigumpha inscription. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri on Kumara Hill. This location is stated to be the same as the Jagannath temple site. However, Starza, a Jain text mentions Jains restored the Jagannath shrine, but the authenticity and date of this text are unclear.[19] This is the plume for Oriya people to celebrate a special day in this Dham which is known as Ratha Yatra (Chariot Festival).[20][21]
Rameswaram is located in the state of Tamil Nadu, in the southern part of the Indian peninsula. According to legends, this is the place where Rama, along with his brother Lakshmana and devotee Hanuman, built a bridge (Rama Setu) to reach Lanka to rescue his wife Sita, who had been abducted earlier by Ravana, the ruler of Lanka. The Ramanathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Shiva, occupies a significant area of Rameswaram. The temple is believed to have been consecrated by Rama. Rameswaram is important for the Hindus as a pilgrimage to Varanasi is incomplete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. The presiding deity here is in the form of a Linga with the name Sri Ramanatha Swamy; it also is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas.
Dwarka is located in the state of Gujarat, on the western coast of India. The city derives its name from the word "dvara" meaning door or gate in the Sanskrit language. It is located confluence where the Gomti River merges into the Arabian Sea. However, this river Gomti is not the same Gomti River, which is a tributary of Ganga River. The city lies in the westernmost part of India. The legendary city of Dvārakā was the dwelling place of Krishna. It is generally believed that due to damage and destruction by the sea, Dvārakā had submerged six times, and modern-day Dwarka is the 7th such city to be built in the area.[22][23]
Badrinath, is located in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, at an altitude of 3,133 meters (10,279 feet). The temple of Badrinath is dedicated to Lord Vishnu Uttarakhand.[24] It is in the Garhwal hills, on the Alaknanda River banks. The town lies between the Nar and Narayana mountain ranges and in the shadow of Nilkantha peak (6,560 m). There are other interesting sightseeing spots like Mana, Vyas Gufa, Maatamoorti, Charanpaduka, Bhimkund, and the Mukh of the Saraswati River, within 3 km of Badrinathjee. Joshimath is situated on the slopes above the confluence of the Alaknanda and Dhauliganga rivers. Of the four Maths established by Adi Shankaracharya, Joshimath is the winter seat of Chardham.
Another circuit of four ancient pilgrimage sites in the Indian state of Uttarakhand viz. Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath is referred to as Chota Char Dham to differentiate it from this bigger circuit of Char Dham sites. The Chota Char Dham shrines are closed in winter due to snowfall and reopen for pilgrims with the advent of summer.[25][26][27][28]
Akshaya Tritiya (April or May in the Gregorian calendar) marks the beginning of the Chota Char Dham Yatra and closes two days after Diwali, on the day of Bhai-Bij (or Bhai Dooj)[5] In May and June, tourists flock in large numbers, due to heavy rainfall greater chances of roadblocks or landslides in late July and August during monsoon season.
A record 4.1 million pilgrims visited Chota Char dham in 2022.[8] Over 1.4 million pilgrims have already visited Kedarnath, over 600,000 have visited Gangotri, and over 500,000 have visited Yamunotri. Around 1.5 million pilgrims have already visited Badrinath the same year.[9]
Accessible until the 1950s only by arduous and lengthy walking trails in hilly area with height repeatedly exceeded 4000 meters, the Chota Char Dham was regularly done by wandering ascetics and other religious people, and those who could afford a traveling entourage. While the individual sites and the circuit as a whole were well known to Hindus on the plains below, they were not a particularly visible aspect of yearly religious culture. After the 1962 war between India and China, accessibility to the Chota Char Dham improved, as India undertook massive road building to border area and other infrastructure investments. As pilgrims were able to travel in mini buses, jeeps and cars to nearest points of four shrines, the Chota Char dham circuit was within the reach of people with middle income. Vehicles reach up to Badrinath temple and Gangotri, Yamunotri and Kedarnath are at a distance of 10 to 15 km from nearest motorable road.[citation needed]
The Chota Char Dham has become an important destination for pilgrims from throughout South Asia and the diaspora. Today, the circuit receives hundreds of thousands of visitors in an average pilgrimage season, which lasts from approximately 15 April until Diwali (sometime in November). The season is heaviest in the two-month period before the monsoon, which normally comes in late July. After the rains begin, travel to the sites becomes extremely dangerous. Even before the rains begin, safety is a major concern, as extensive road building and heavy traffic have critically destabilized the rocks, making fatal landslides and bus/jeep accidents a regular occurrence. Mortality rates for a season often surpass 200.
Some pilgrims also visit the sites after the rains ends and before the sites become impassable due to snow. Although temperatures at the shrines in the early winter months of October and November are inhospitable, it is said that the mountain scenery surrounding the sites is most vivid after the rains have had a chance to moisten the dust of the plains below.
The Chota Char Dham was washed away in the 2013 North India floods. One of the worst flash floods happened in June 2013 and it heavily devastated many parts of the Chota Char Dham, particularly the town of Kedarnath was almost destroyed and with only the Kedarnath Temple and a few buildings around remaining intact, albeit partially submerged by rocks and slurry.[10]
Gangotri and Badrinath are accessible directly by road. However in order to go to Kedarnath or Yamunotri most pilgrims rent out alternative transportation methods like horses to travel the last few kilometres. In Kedarnath there is also a government run helicopter service.
Char Dham are the four places in India with high pilgrimage importance. These four places are namely Rameshwaram, Jaganath-Puri, Badrinath-Kedarnath and Dwarka. Adi Shankaracharya defined the term Char Dham as the three Vaishnavite, than one Shaivite and the last a state of mixed ones. It is some of the most holy places that a Hindu should visit, at least once in a lifetime. The origin of these four temples here is still not well known and has remained a mysterious fact. Shankaracharya is said to have established the Advaita school of Hinduism, which was also accountable for the origin of the Char Dham. The four Hindu temples are lying across the four corners of India. The Badrinath temple is in the north, followed by the east temple of Jaganath Puri, the Dwarkadhish Temple located at Dwarka in the west, and Rameswaram in the south, the Ramanathaswamy Temple.
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