One of the first programming languages to provide floating-point data types was Fortran.[citation needed] Before the widespread adoption of IEEE 754-1985, the representation and properties of floating-point data types depended on the computer manufacturer and computer model, and upon decisions made by programming-language implementers. E.g., GW-BASIC's double-precision data type was the 64-bit MBF floating-point format.
Double-precision binary floating-point is a commonly used format on PCs, due to its wider range over single-precision floating point, in spite of its performance and bandwidth cost. It is commonly known simply as double. The IEEE 754 standard specifies a binary64 as having:
The double-precision binary floating-point exponent is encoded using an offset-binary representation, with the zero offset being 1023; also known as exponent bias in the IEEE 754 standard. Examples of such representations would be:
Encodings of qNaN and sNaN are not completely specified in IEEE 754 and depend on the processor. Most processors, such as the x86 family and the ARM family processors, use the most significant bit of the significand field to indicate a quiet NaN; this is what is recommended by IEEE 754. The PA-RISC processors use the bit to indicate a signaling NaN.
Using double-precision floating-point variables is usually slower than working with their single precision counterparts. One area of computing where this is a particular issue is parallel code running on GPUs. For example, when using NVIDIA's CUDA platform, calculations with double precision can take, depending on hardware, from 2 to 32 times as long to complete compared to those done using single precision.[4]
Doubles are implemented in many programming languages in different ways such as the following. On processors with only dynamic precision, such as x86 without SSE2 (or when SSE2 is not used, for compatibility purpose) and with extended precision used by default, software may have difficulties to fulfill some requirements.
C and C++ offer a wide variety of arithmetic types. Double precision is not required by the standards (except by the optional annex F of C99, covering IEEE 754 arithmetic), but on most systems, the double type corresponds to double precision. However, on 32-bit x86 with extended precision by default, some compilers may not conform to the C standard or the arithmetic may suffer from double rounding.[5]
Common Lisp provides the types SHORT-FLOAT, SINGLE-FLOAT, DOUBLE-FLOAT and LONG-FLOAT. Most implementations provide SINGLE-FLOATs and DOUBLE-FLOATs with the other types appropriate synonyms. Common Lisp provides exceptions for catching floating-point underflows and overflows, and the inexact floating-point exception, as per IEEE 754. No infinities and NaNs are described in the ANSI standard, however, several implementations do provide these as extensions.
On Java before version 1.2, every implementation had to be IEEE 754 compliant. Version 1.2 allowed implementations to bring extra precision in intermediate computations for platforms like x87. Thus a modifier strictfp was introduced to enforce strict IEEE 754 computations. Strict floating point has been restored in Java 17.[6]
The JSON data encoding format supports numeric values, and the grammar to which numeric expressions must conform has no limits on the precision or range of the numbers so encoded. However, RFC 8259 advises that, since IEEE 754 binary64 numbers are widely implemented, good interoperability can be achieved by implementations processing JSON if they expect no more precision or range than binary64 offers.[8]
The International Double Reed Society (IDRS) is a worldwide nonprofit organization made up of professional double reed players, students, amateurs, hobbyists, university/college instructors, music teachers, institutions, instrument manufacturers, double reed product retailers, reed makers, and enthusiasts.
Membership in the IDRS is available without regard to race, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin. The International Double Reed Society is committed to championing and celebrating diversity, equity, and inclusion in the global double reed community through performance and educational opportunities, grants, and ensuring representation that reflects the richness of our multi-faceted membership.
Compares this instance to a specified double-precision floating-point number and returns an integer that indicates whether the value of this instance is less than, equal to, or greater than the value of the specified double-precision floating-point number.
Converts the span representation of a number in a specified style and culture-specific format to its double-precision floating-point number equivalent. A return value indicates whether the conversion succeeded or failed.
Converts a character span containing the string representation of a number in a specified style and culture-specific format to its double-precision floating-point number equivalent. A return value indicates whether the conversion succeeded or failed.
Converts the string representation of a number in a specified style and culture-specific format to its double-precision floating-point number equivalent. A return value indicates whether the conversion succeeded or failed.
Compares the current instance with another object of the same type and returns an integer that indicates whether the current instance precedes, follows, or occurs in the same position in the sort order as the other object.
All members of this type are thread safe. Members that appear to modify instance state actually return a new instance initialized with the new value. As with any other type, reading and writing to a shared variable that contains an instance of this type must be protected by a lock to guarantee thread safety.
Last night I got talking about this with some friends who also get a lot of email intros. All of us get email intros that we don't want to follow up on. Some just ignore them. Others reply with something like "I'm really busy now and will get back to you in a month." And then never do.
Completely agree with double opt-in and not CCing everyone.Another polite thing that people that request intros seldom do is to send a quick follow-up a few days later letting you know if the intro that you made was helpful or not. Take care of your network and your network will take care of you.
I have always thought that LinkedIn could do a much better job on this front.Fred- I sent you an email about 2 weeks ago asking permission to intro you to a great VP Marketing. I did not hear back from you.
Not asking both parties before making the introduction is bad etiquette, pure and simple. Going on meetings where you were not asked prior to the introduction again and again is poor management of time. Continuing to do the same thing and expecting different results is not something you live by in your businesses, why would you live by that when it comes to meeting people?
Fred,I think you are missing another big problem though.Once you make an email introduction, the appropiate parties do not need to keep copying you on every email moving forward (lining up the meeting time, thoughts after the meeting etc).This is one of my pet peeves. I make an introduction and then get another 4-6 emails while parties line up a meeting time.Surely I am not the only one that has an issue with this?
So where is the advice here? are you just identifying thatthere is an issue, which is the firt step. Or are you suggesting we think about this beforehand. Please provide some usefule steps. For instance.1. Intro to unsuspecting party: Frank, Hi there hope all is well, I know a boy named Su who really is good at what you do.2. Patience: Wait for response from Frank.3. Discussion on why: Engage in conversation regarding Su and Frank and why they should meet.4. No surprises: Let them know you will be sending an email and what to expect, I have spoken to Frank and he agrees to meet with you bc your qualified candidate.
Hey Fred,Scott Patten and I just coded up an app called optintro ( ) which we think you might find useful given this post. Scott just sent you an opt-in introduction to me usingoptintro; please let us know what you think.
Double-duty actions include interventions, programmes and policies that have the potential to simultaneously reduce the risk or burden of both undernutrition (including wasting, stunting and micronutrient deficiency or insufficiency) and overweight, obesity or diet-related NCDs. Reflecting the shared drivers and platforms of contrasting forms of malnutrition, double duty can be achieved at three levels: through doing no harm with regard to existing actions on malnutrition; by retrofitting existing nutrition actions to address or improve new or other forms of malnutrition; and through the development of de-novo, integrated actions aimed at the double burden of malnutrition.
The coexistence of contrasting forms of malnutrition is known as the double burden of malnutrition. A global challenge, this double burden is united by shared drivers and solutions and therefore offers a unique opportunity for integrated nutrition action. This policy brief sets out the potential for double-duty actions to contribute to this intensified effort by addressing both sides of malnutrition through common interventions.
Finance has become a key arena for climate action over recent years. Investors are teaming up in alliances advocating for net-zero carbon emissions, and nearly 90 central banks and financial supervisors have come together in the Network for Greening the Financial System. Financial institutions have caught the attention of environmental activists like Extinction Rebellion too, as they set their sights beyond the fossil fuel giants.
Broadly speaking, climate-related activities within finance fall somewhere along the spectrum between aligning investment activity with climate goals and managing climate-related risks (from extreme weather events or rising carbon prices, for example).
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