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Brynn Cropp
Gambling is a major public policy issue in Australia, affecting the health and wellbeing of individuals and families in a range of ways. Estimates suggest that Australians lose approximately $25 billion on legal forms of gambling each year, representing the largest per capita losses in the world (Letts 2018; QGSO 2022).
Among those who reported gambling in the past 12 months, the average number of products gambled on was 2, but around one-quarter (23%) of respondents reported gambling on 6 or more different products.
More men than women gambled on every product included in the survey (for example, sports, racing, pokies; Figure 2). Men also gambled more frequently, spent more money and were more likely to be at risk of harm during the past 12 months.
This interactive data visualisation shows males were more likely than females to spend any money gambling in the past 12 months (male 80.3% and female: 66.2%), and to gamble on each product included in the survey. For example, 47.5% of men reported spending money on sports betting, compared to 21.3 % of women.
More than 2 in 5 men (44% or an estimated 2.8 million Australian men aged 18 and over) reported having gambled in the past 12 months. Most men who gambled spent money on multiple activities, including:
See Australian gambling statistics, 37th edition for background information and more detail on the definition of gambling products, sources of gambling data, relevant legislation and notes attached to specific tables and data items.
This interactive data visualisation shows real gambling expenditure/net losses in $billions (Australian dollars) annually from 2001-02 to 2019-20, overall and by gambling product. Total gambling expenditure/losses increased over time up until 2019-20 when the COVID-19 restrictions in Australia (March-May 2020) resulted in the shutdown of land-based gambling. Prior to the COVID-19 restrictions gambling expenditure/net losses had been decreasing for gaming/poker machines and casinos, and increasing for wagering (racing, sports, and other events).
This interactive data visualisation shows per capita expenditure for any gambling has decreased over time, mainly due to a decrease in per capita expenditure on poker machines. Per capita expenditure on other gambling activities has generally remained stable or been increasing (e.g. wagering) over time (with the exception of 2019-20 which was impacted by the COVID-19 restrictions).
Adults (aged 18 and over) who engaged in regular (at least weekly) gambling on sports, racing, poker machines and casino tables games were significantly more likely to be classified as being at-risk of harm than those gambling less than weekly (Figure 8).
Gambling-related problems and harm can be experienced on a spectrum, ranging from lower-level negative experiences or general harms (such as reduced performance due to tiredness or distraction, relationship conflict, impacts on health and wellbeing and erosion of savings) to crisis harms (where immediate support is needed) and legacy harms (occurring sometime after gambling has ceased) (see glossary).
State and territory prevalence studies suggest that a very small proportion of people seek help for gambling-related harms. For example, the most recent New South Wales gambling survey found that just under one per cent (0.9%) of people who gamble had sought help for harms related to their gambling in the past 12 months.
The National Gambling Trends Study was developed to improve understanding of current and emerging trends in gambling and related harm in Australia, and areas for future policy and practice focus. The study includes surveys of people who gamble regularly (at least fortnightly) on land-based pokies and/or online on sports or wagering, and interviews with key experts in gambling policy, regulation, treatment, and consumer advocacy.
Globally, gambling has expanded at a rapid pace in recent decades with new technologies and emerging products, and related harms are an increasing concern. This page draws on available data to describe trends in gambling participation, expenditure and related harms in Australia; however, there are limitations to these data sources (including a lack of consistency in study design, sample selection and measurement of gambling consumption and harm). A continuing, cost-effective system for monitoring gambling consumption and related harms is needed.
Further investment in a national gambling prevalence study and longitudinal research programs would provide representative population-level data on the prevalence and patterns of different gambling behaviours in Australia, allowing changes in the extent and nature of gambling and related harms to be assessed over time and policy and practical initiatives to be evaluated.
Dowling N (2014) The impact of gambling problems on families, Australian Gambling Research Centre discussion paper, Australian Gambling Research Centre, Australian Institute of Family Studies, accessed 23 May 2023.
Greer N, Murray Boyle C and Jenkinson R (2022) Harms associated with loot boxes, simulated gambling and other in-game purchases in video games: a review of the evidence, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, accessed 23 May 2023.
Sakata K and Jenkinson R (2022) What is the link between video gaming and gambling? (Growing Up in Australia Snapshot Series, Issue 7), Australian Institute of Family Studies website, accessed 23 May 2023.
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