Basic Computer Hardware+maintenance+pdf
Idara Viengxay
Students will learn the basic IT skills involved in computer systems setup, repair, and management. Skills include component replacement of PC systems, operating system installation and configuration, local area network setup and operations, and basic office productivity software operations.
Do you know what to do if your screen goes blank? What if you can't seem to close an application, or can't hear any sound from your speakers? Whenever you have a problem with your computer, don't panic! There are many basic troubleshooting techniques you can use to fix issues like this. In this lesson, we'll show you some simple things to try when troubleshooting, as well as how to solve common problems you may encounter.
If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be able to find out what's wrong using the process of elimination. This means you'll make a list of things that could be causing the problem and then test them out one by one to eliminate them. Once you've identified the source of your computer issue, it will be easier to find a solution.
Let's say you're trying to print out invitations for a birthday party, but the printer won't print. You have some ideas about what could be causing this, so you go through them one by one to see if you can eliminate any possible causes.
First, you check the printer to see that it's turned on and plugged in to the surge protector. It is, so that's not the issue. Next, you check to make sure the printer's ink cartridge still has ink and that there is paper loaded in the paper tray. Things look good in both cases, so you know the issue has nothing to do with ink or paper.
Now you want to make sure the printer and computer are communicating correctly. If you recently downloaded an update to your operating system, it might interfere with the printer. But you know there haven't been any recent updates and the printer was working yesterday, so you'll have to look elsewhere.
You check the printer's USB cord and find that it's not plugged in. You must have unplugged it accidentally when you plugged something else into the computer earlier. Once you plug in the USB cord, the printer starts working again. It looks like this printer issue is solved!
Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting techniques, like closing and reopening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can try other troubleshooting techniques.
Sometimes your computer may become completely unresponsive, or frozen. When this happens, you won't be able to click anywhere on the screen, open or close applications, or access shut-down options.
If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask someone else for help. As an easy starting point, we'd recommend searching the Web. It's possible that other users have had similar problems, and solutions to these problems are often posted online. Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may take some time to find them. For difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required, like reformatting your hard drive or reinstalling your operating system. If you think you might need a solution like this, we recommend consulting a professional first. If you're not a computer expert, it's possible that attempting these solutions could make the situation worse.
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Since different kinds of processors and memories are intended to function best with certain types of motherboards, it is difficult to find a motherboard that is compatible with every type of CPU and memory. Hard drives, on the other hand, are generally compatible with a wide variety of motherboards and may be used with most brands and types.
The earliest motherboards for personal computers included relatively fewer real components. Only a CPU and some card ports were included on the very first IBM PC motherboard. Users inserted various components, including memory and controllers for floppy drives, into the slots provided.
But by the 1990s, Intel had a dominant share of the market for personal computer motherboards. Asus, Gigabyte Technology, and Micro-Star International (MSI) are the three most influential companies in this industry. However, Intel remains one of the ten best motherboard manufacturers in the world, even though Asus is now the largest motherboard maker on the planet.
Due to their larger physical dimensions (which can be measured in hundredths of millimeters), these motherboards do not work properly with computers that fall into the category of smaller desktops. A larger physical size makes it more difficult to install new hardware drivers.
The power connections on these motherboards are in the form of sockets and plugs with six prongs each. Due to the difficulty in recognizing these power connections, users often have issues while trying to connect and operate them. In the 1980s, motherboards of this sort were all the rage, and they continued to be manufactured far into the 2000s.
The length and width of these motherboards, measured in millimeters, are also 244 mm (size metrics will differ as per the manufacturer). This motherboard has fewer ports and slots than the Standard ATX board.
Users who do not want excessive connections and subsequent upgrades, like adding more RAM, an extra GPU, or other Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) cards, are better suited for this kind of motherboard than others.
This motherboard may be installed in any case with enough space to accommodate 244 mm by 244 mm. It can also be installed in larger cases that are compatible with Standard ATX or eXTENDED ATX motherboards.
The dimensions of this motherboard are 344 millimeters by 330 millimeters (dimensions will differ with different manufacturers). This motherboard supports a single or a twin CPU configuration and has up to eight RAM slots.
Additionally, it has a higher number of PCIe (where e is for Express) and PCI slots, which may be used to add PCI cards for a wide range of applications. Workstations and servers are both able to use this software. There is sufficient room on all eATX motherboards, making them ideal for desktop computers, thanks to the significant space provided for airflow and the attachment of various components.
These ATX Form Factor mainboards do not enjoy the same degree of popularity as their ATX Form Factor counterparts. They are the ones within the ATX family that are considered the most compact. They were designed to occupy a minimal amount of space and had a minimal price tag. Flex ATX is a modification of mini ATX that Intel created between 1999-2000. It is a motherboard standard.
In comparison to previous iterations, this has two significant enhancements. The first change was that the output and input ports were moved to the rear of the device, and the second change was the addition of a riser card, which enables the device to have additional slots and makes it easier to attach components.
There is an implementation of some of these functionalities on the AT motherboard. The primary drawback of this board is that it does not have any accelerated graphic port (AGP) ports, resulting in a connection to PCI that is made directly. The new low-profile extended (NLX) boards are where issues present in these motherboards have been addressed.
Balanced technology extended, abbreviated as BTX, is a strategy developed to fulfill the requirements of emerging technologies, which call for increased power consumption and, as a result, emanate more heat. During the middle of the 2000s, Intel ceased the future production of BTX boards to concentrate on low-power CPUs.
Given their diminutive size compared to a typical motherboard, these boards are called Pico. Even though the upper half of the BTX is shared, support is provided for two expansion slots. Its distinguishing characteristics are the half-height or riser cards, and it is designed to meet the needs of digital applications.
It is important to note that there is no regular-sized version of the information technology extended (ITX) motherboard. In its place, the motherboard has been downsized into a more compact form than in earlier iterations. It was developed in the 2000s, and its measurements are 17 by 17 centimeters.
Due to its reduced power consumption and quicker cooling capabilities, it is primarily used in computers with a small form factor (SFF). Given that it has a relatively low level of fan noise, the motherboard is the one that is recommended the most for use in home theater systems because it will enhance the overall performance of the system.
The Mini-STX board is 7 millimeters longer from front to back, making it somewhat rectangular in shape. This is in contrast to the shape of other tiny form factor boards, like the Next Unit of Computing (NUC) or the mini-ITX, which are square.
When you turn your computer on, the power supply transfers electricity to the motherboard to be used by the computer. Data is transported between the chipset components via data buses and travels between the southbridge and northbridge sections.
Computer motherboards must have two separate connectors that allow users to connect their external mouse and keyboard. These connectors are responsible for sending instructions and receiving responses from the computer. There are two keyboard and mouse connectors, the PS/2 and the USB. The personal system/2(PS/2) port is a mini-DIN plug that contains six pins and connects the mouse or keyboard to an IBM-compatible computer. Other computers use the USB port to connect the mouse or keyboard.
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