Pornography in Japan

[watermouse]

SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pornography#Video


Japanese pornography has unique features which separate it from
pornography in other countries. It is frequently translated and
exported to other cultures because of its large spectrum of themes and
media.[citation needed]

__History
Before the 20th century
The concept of "pornography" may have emerged in the Edo period when
every form of popular culture flourished, including pornography, with
the sole exception of pornographic figures and statues. This does not
mean there were no earlier works of erotica; these early works were by
highly literate nobles and were often considered works of art.
Japanese mythology, later formulated into the system known as Shinto,
makes multiple references to sexuality, and almost always in a
positive manner.[1]
In the Edo period, pornography flourished due to the unique
characteristic of the city of Edo.[citation needed] In this period,
men (who were the only consumers of pornographic material at that
time) made up well over 60% of the population.[citation needed] These
men came from all over Japan to work, and remained there for years
before returning to their hometown to have a wife arranged for them,
having learned valuable skills like reading, writing, and
crafts[citation needed]. With a disproportionate amount of the
population being male, state-controlled prostitution districts like
Yoshiwara and pornography were needed[citation needed].
There were many pornographic materials. Shunga or pornographic wood-
block pictures were printed with all imaginable situations. These
often took the form of a book with sentences to describe verbal
utterances of the partners, as well as to offer brief descriptions of
a scene. Near the end of the Edo period when foreigners became widely
known and seen, even interracial sex acts with foreign males were
drawn and sold, not to mention acts with animals, demons (both male
and female), and deities. The actual uses of shunga in the period are
still debated, but probably resembled modern uses of pornographic
materials, including masturbation and shared viewing with a lover.
According to some accounts, called into doubt by recent scholarship,
[clarification needed] shunga were even packed by the parents of a
wife for use in her marriage. Shunga could also be borrowed from a
rental book shop. In 1808, there were 656 such shops in Edo, 300 shops
in Osaka. This means that there was about one shop for every 1500
people in Edo. Non-pornographic materials were also available from
these shops. These included woodblock pictures of celebrities like
kabuki actors and geisha, clothed in kimono.
After the Meiji restoration in the second half of the 19th century,
the publication of pornographic materials declined under government
pressure, specifically the fear that such an openly sexual culture
would be seen as a sign of backwardness by European countries. Yet
even as Shunga production slowed, shunga were being exported and
peddled as "erotic arts" to foreign markets. Pornographic novels were
still produced underground, though the language barrier prevented them
from becoming widely known abroad. Pornographic arts (now including
photography) were still produced by popular demand, but these came to
be viewed as low arts.
In the 20th century
In the late Taishō period and early Shōwa period, an artistic movement
called Eroguronansensu, literally "erotic-grotesque-nonsense,"
occurred influenced by decadence works of Europe. These words were
used because they had an air of a new and modern feeling. Until the
1950s, pornography were still very limited in production. Open sexual
expressions were permitted in novels and manga, but a strict control
was applied on photographs and films. During World War II,
pornographic materials were banned altogether.
Influenced by magazines like Playboy, pornographic magazines were
printed soon after World War II. These magazines quickly branched out
to cover all genres and featured pornographic novels as well as
pictures. Playboy itself, however, did not succeed in Japan. Its
articles were about the American lifestyle; women were mostly non-
Asian, interviews were with people largely unknown in Japan, and
fashion and sport were American. Instead, it spawned a fetish and a
genre known as Yomono, literally "Western things." Playboy revamped
its articles and style in the early 2000s in Japan by having Japanese
writers write exclusively about Japan and dropping most of the
original content.
In the early 1960s, several movie studios began producing "Pink
films," to be exclusively viewed in adults-only movie theaters. With
censorship laws prohibiting genitals from being seen but otherwise
free to express anything, these movies quickly diversified to fill all
genres, including rape and bondage. Throughout the 1960s, the "pink
films" were mainly produced by low-budget, independent filmmakers such
as Koji Wakamatsu. In 1971, the major studio Nikkatsu entered the pink
film genre with its higher production values through its Roman porno
(lit. romantic porno) series. From the 1960s to the late 1980s,
ambiguous censorship laws resulted in hundreds of cases regarding
erotica and pornography. At midnight, television stations mostly aired
soft-core pornographic movies until their ratings dropped due to the
pornographic movies.
Starting in 1971, homosexually-oriented magazines began to appear. The
first of these, Barazoku, began publication in 1971 and continued
publishing until 2004. Homosexual magazines tend to be tailored to
particular segments of the population, such as Badi, which features
younger adult males, Samson, devoted to chubby men, and G-men,
featuring muscular men. The websites of these magazines also feature
videos produced featuring these respective body types.
[edit]The 1980s
The proliferation of pornographic videos in the 1980s commonly called
AV, short for adult video, eventually greatly diminished the market
for pornographic movie theaters. Rental video stores offered
pornography at a price far below that of movie theaters. Because most
Japanese families now had at least two television sets and VCRs, more
videos were sold. It is rumored, but not supported, that VHS became
popular over Betamax format because large numbers of AV were released
in VHS format.[2] Few AVs were sold in laserdisc format, but VCDs and
later DVDs were used to distribute AV.
In 1983, the Nintendo Entertainment System was released and a few
pornographic games quickly followed. But Nintendo wanted these
machines to be family-oriented, however, and it succeeded in getting
pornographic games locked out of the market.[citation needed] Computer
games with no limitation on content except for censorship laws became
a popular way to distribute pornographic games. Early VCDs and DVDs
were viewed on personal computers. Because so few Japanese people saw
any reason to play games on these platforms, as opposed to video game
consoles, playing computer games was sometimes viewed as being
synonymous with playing Bishōjo games.
In the late 1980s, the Dōjinshi market expanded. It is estimated that
about half of this market consists of pornography. Copyright problems
plague the market, yet the dōjinshi market was a common place for one
to start before making a debut in a professional magazine. Yaoi began
in the dōjinshi market. From the mid 1990s, the dōjinshi market also
began making and selling pornographic games.
In the 1980s, magazines oriented towards a mature male audience began
to offer more explicit content. This was not immediately a major
social issue because magazines oriented towards a mature female
audience already existed and their content was in some ways more
explicit.
[edit]The 1990s
According to John Carr, a United Kingdom government adviser on
Internet safety policy for children, two-thirds of all pedophilic
images on the Internet in the late 1990s may have originated in Japan.
He further commented: "We think that child pornography, in any form,
promotes values and sends the message that it is OK to sexually abuse
children. It helps pedophiles to justify their ideas or behavior and
it desensitizes society as a whole." Since the law against child
pornography in 1999, the proportion is now believed to be less than
2%. ECPAT believes that many child pornography producers have simply
turned to producing anime or films featuring adults dressed as
children.[3]
[edit]Laws and movements

Japanese pornography has diversified to fill a vast number of
categories and needs, with some themes being so obscure that the
appeals and differences are too subtle for anyone but the most devoted
to recognize. These diversities occurred because of three major
reasons: to entertain by developing new methods of expression, to fill
niche markets, and to work around censorship laws. Neither religious
conservatism nor feminism had been a powerful factor in pornography in
Japan.
[edit]Censorship laws
The religious and social taboo against nudity has historically been
weaker in Japan than in the West: "pillow books" detailing sexual acts
were widely sold in the Edo era, and women and men routinely worked in
the nude and bathed in public up to, and even after, the Meiji
Restoration[citation needed]. While in Western society nudity has
typically been a taboo, that idea entered Japan only after Meiji-era
and how deep that idea is rooted is argued. Extreme public nudity,
such as showing the genital area, would nevertheless be prosecuted in
Japan (except in public baths). Japan has only had one or two nudist
beaches, and these were private.
In Japan, under Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan people who
sell or distribute obscene materials can be punished by fines or
imprisonment. Article 175 was included in the original document in
1907 and remains relatively unchanged.[4]. Finding a workable
definition for obscene has sparked much controversy over the last
century. It is not uncommon for pictorial magazines to depict nude
women with their genitalia airbrushed over in black, and video
pornography routinely depicts explicit sex scenes with the
participants' genitalia obscured by mosaics. Until the 1990s, the
entire pubic region, including hair, was deemed obscene and
unpublishable. The publication of Waterfruit and Santa Fe by Kishin
Shinoyama marked the first widely distributed publications to feature
pubic hair. Many video production companies belong to ethical
associations which provide guidance on what is acceptable and what is
not. NEVA and CERO are examples of two such organizations. In 2007,
the police have started to prosecute webmasters who allow uncensored
pictures on their sites. Recent controversies have frowned upon both
pubic hair and even genitalia itself being displayed in works of art
and in educational settings.[5]
It is also illegal to bring pornographic material into Japan, and
customs agents are known for checking videotapes in international mail
and hand baggage. Extreme cases, like multiple offenders or attempts
at commercial importation, could be punished by fines but most merely
have their contraband confiscated. Applications of this law did not
change in recent years, but more offenders are caught in recent years
as checks became tighter to prevent the drug trade and terrorism.
There is also a thriving genre of underground pornography in Japan
(called urabon) that ignores these censorship laws; it has become
especially prevalent on the Internet, as there are no mechanisms in
place to prevent its transmission from Japanese nationals to the
outside world. On November 1, 1999, Japan introduced laws to outlaw
child pornography in an attempt to converge with the U.S. and other
western countries.[6] Since then, "child" pornography has been limited
to lolicon.[7]
[edit]Religion and pornography
Religion is not a factor in the regulation of pornography in
Japan[citation needed]. It is instead defined by consensus, due to the
fact that the separation of religion and state was complete before the
proliferation of pornography. In the Edo period, the Tokugawa
shogunate limited religion to organizing ceremonies such as funerals
and marriages, because during the Sengoku period, religions like
Buddhism and Christianity served as ideological backbones to acts of
rebellion. The shogunate prevented the participation of religious
leaders in policy making.
[edit]Child pornography
Main article: Child pornography laws in Japan
Distribution, production, importing, exporting, and possessing for
distribution of child pornography is banned with criminal punishment
in Japan since 1999.
Possessing without distribution has been a disputed point since the
establishment of the law.[8]
In the Diet, the Liberal Democratic Party and the New Komeito Party
proposed to prohibit the possessing without distribution, the
Democratic Party of Japan presented a counterproposal to prohibit the
taking over from anyone.[9] Since the House of Representatives of
Japan was dissolved on July 21, 2009, the amendments to the law
against child prostitution and child pornography on the table were
withdrawn.
[edit]Prostitution
The demand for prostitutes has increased on a year-to-year basis. The
sex industry now accounts for 1% of the GNP, and equals the Japanese
defense budget.[10]
The Japanese sex industry is a multibillion-dollar business that
caters to every preference and is easily accessible.[11] One "sex
zone" in Tokyo, only 34 hectares in size, has 3,500 sex facilities,
including strip theaters, peep shows, "soaplands," "lover's banks,"
porno shops, telephone clubs, karaoke bars, clubs, and the like.[10]
One third of all reported cases of prostitution are teenagers.[12]
Enjo kōsai, or "supportive relationship," is a type of compensated
dating between older persons and teenagers which may include
prostitution.[13]
The Trafficking in Persons Report, released yearly by the U.S. State
Department, has ranked Japan as Tier II on par with Cambodia and
Ethiopia among others.[14] This rank has remained relatively stable
for the past decade.


__Culture
Japanese pornographic culture is more widely accepted as part of
mainstream media in comparison to the west. Thus in many cases, scenes
acceptable to Japanese audiences are unacceptable in other countries.
Ribaldry is quite common even in child-oriented materials and
expressions that in most other cultures would not be acceptable for
general audiences are shown without a warning. For example, in an
early chapter of Dragon Ball, to find an invisible opponent, Muten-
Rôshi is shown Bulma's bared breast, eliciting a fountaining nose
bleed that drenches the invisible man.
Japanese erotica has many of the same themes as its western
counterpart such as heterosexual and homosexual intercourse, group
sex, and sexual bondage. Similarly to western erotica, the Japanese
version may also portray various sexual fetishes such as foot
fetishism, or a focus on a certain type of clothing such as uniforms
or costumes as anime, manga or video game characters. (See cosplay for
more details. Note that the term "cosplay," itself, does not relate to
pornography.)


The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife by Hokusai.
Many genres of Japanese erotica evolved because of censorship laws.
Tentacle rape, an animated portrayal of rape fantasies involving a
human female and a science fiction-like creature, emerged as an
alternative to depicting the penis in the 1980s, drawing inspiration
from the tentacled creatures that started appearing in Japanese
erotica in the Edo era. The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, a wood
print of a woman in a sexual act with a giant octopus, is one Edo
example of tentacle sex. Tentacle rape became famous for its depiction
in the anime Legend of the Overfiend.
[edit]Sub-genres of Japanese porn
The pornographic culture of Japan is enormous. Encompassing dozens of
different genres only found in Japan, it has become an important part
of life for many Japanese.[citation needed] To satisfy the demand for
more arousal, many genres have popped up over the decades. Among those
subgenres common in Japan, but rare or unknown elsewhere, are:
赤ちゃんプレイ（Aka-Chan Purei）: ("Baby play"): This genre involves going back
to the "baby days" where they had no responsibility and could depend
on their mothers to take care of everything.
バーチャルデート Baacharu Deito: ("Virtual dating"): Shot from the point of
view of the boyfriend, the porn actress takes him on a "date" which
ends in a sexual scene.
Broken Dolls: This is a subgenre based on the popular medical fetish
and involves young girls in hospital beds, covered in casts, splints,
gauze, and fake bruises. It usually involves rape and forced bondage.
ブルセラBurusera ("Bloomers"): Fans of this genre collect panties, urine,
socks and uniforms of actual schoolgirls.
痴漢プレイChikan Purei ("Play Molester"): It involves usually schoolgirls
sitting in a stage constructed to look like a train car and act
submissive while being groped by anonymous male.
援助交際 Enjo kōsai ("Compensated dating"): Although available on video,
this genre mainly applies to the market for girls 13–18 years of age.
Girls are told they are going on a date, which, due to Japan's age of
consent of 13, is not illegal.
強姦プレイGoukan Purei ("Rape play"): This genre involves simulated rape.
ロリコンLolicon (short for "Lolita complex"): This genre involves
prepubescent and adolescent girls.
人形 Ningyou ("Dolls"): Some fans of animation like to play with dolls
of their favorite characters.
[edit]Dōjin and parodies
Main article: Dōjinshi
Dōjinshi, or literally "fan works," are widely known as often being
pornographic imitations of popular anime, games and manga. They are
technically a violation of copyright law and can be prosecuted if the
owner of copyrighted material chooses to have them prosecuted. But in
many cases, owners officially ignore their existence. This attitude is
at odds with the concept of copyright. However, this practice is
common as it is a good way to measure how large the core of consumers
are. For instance, the number of dōjinshi published is representative
of the number of consumers who would spend liberally on the title, and
increase and decrease shows rise of interest and its decline.
[edit]Anime
Main article: H anime
Animated erotica (known in the West as hentai, but in Japan as "adult
anime") is a popular genre in Japan and generally maintains the same
style of animation seen in other popular forms of Japanese animation
(anime). Many of these anime are originally a game, manga, or a novel.
[edit]Games
Main articles: Bishōjo game and H game
Adult-oriented games are a popular genre for computer games in Japan,
comprising some 85% of all software titles published annually.
[citation needed] The genre is somewhat unknown outside Japan because
of several problems, cultural and translational, but their artworks
are well known on internet websites often illegally copied and shown
as "adult anime pictures." Known as "bishōjo games" or "pretty girl
games" (alternately spelled "bishojo" or "bishoujo") in Japanese, the
games are known under several names used by English fans, including PC
dating-sim game, hentai game/H game, and so on. Companies such as
Peach Princess, JAST USA and G-Collections are translating dating sims
and visual novels into English for the fledgling market outside of
Japan. For adult video games in Japan, the rating of "Z" was coined by
the CERO, and has been so used since.[citation needed]
[edit]Internet
Fanfictions, commonly found in websites, are not limited to fictitious
characters and often use real live people as well, though these works
would make little sense to those who do not see Japanese TV programs.
Dōjinshi writers typically use the Internet to market their products
by offering previews of new works, a secret address where buyers can
find additional works, and a sample of their games. They also recruit
new writers and artists online. Several exclusively adult oriented
search engines exist to let someone find a site they are looking for,
without having to search through commercial websites that list all
keywords. Many works of dōjinshi are featured in websites that collect
the art and let people look for free.
Many websites feature seasonal greeting pictures, often pornographic,
from linked sites and friends who frequent their sites. A typical
Christmas greeting picture on such sites features a santa-girl in
various stages of undressing. The twelve zodiac animals of Chinese
astrology offer challenging and entertaining examples of Catgirl.
[edit]Japanese Adult Video proliferation
With the growing connectivity of the World Wide Web, JAV has received
exponential growth in exposure to the West.[citation needed] With the
growth of porn tube sites, many tube sites focus on the JAV niche, the
most prominent in North America[citation needed] being sites like
Youporn, and fast growing new JAV-only tube sites such as YouJAV.
[edit]Magazines
Magazines are, along with videos, popular media for pornographic
materials. Unless a magazine contains pornographic manga or pictures,
there is a no age requirement for its purchase. Many non-pornographic
magazines have some glamour photography and as long as women are in
something more than a swimsuit, it is considered a non-pornographic
photograph. Several non-pornographic magazines have some nude
photographs of women as a part of their articles but as long as they
have an artistic quality and do not show men, it is not considered
pornographic. Furthermore, a female and male doll may be partially
clothed or even nude as long as it is a work of art and is not in an
act of sex.
Confessional writings by both genders are a popular topic in men's and
pornographic magazines. Quite often, these writings are fictional
stories written by professional authors. Other popular topics in men's
and pornographic magazines are erotic manga and novels, reviews of
pornographic videos, and reports of sex services.
Women's magazines also have most of the writings of men's and
pornographic magazines. Except for a few glamour photographs of men
(who are usually clothed), they lack graphic pornographic contents.
Few, if any, of magazines targeted for women are considered
pornographic or have an age requirement as they lack any graphic
content[citation needed].
[edit]Manga
See also: Josei, Seinen, and H Manga
Manga with a pornographic content target both male and female
audiences and both male and female mangaka (manga authors) write
pornographic works.
The dividing line for manga on what is pornography and what is not,
can be summed up by a simple rule: that which requires age
verification to purchase is pornography, and that which does not
require an age verification are not pornography. Pornographic manga
are often sealed, so that one cannot take a peek and most of such
manga are sold in an adult oriented store. The general attitude to
pornography is closer to that of literature. If a sex scene has
relevance in the progression of the storyline and not simply an
attempt to offer sex for sex's sake, it is not considered pornography.
However, this would be unacceptable in most cultures and it breaks
many of censorship codes and laws outside of Japan.
A manga that does not target mature audiences may also have a page or
two of what looks similar to glamour photography. These nude or semi-
nude scenes with objects or hands covering breast and genital area are
called a "service scene". These scenes are often a part of comical
sequence.
[edit]Video
Pornographic video (called "adult video" or "AV" in Japan or sometimes
"Japanese adult video" or "JAV" outside of it) covers wide themes and
its only limit is censorship laws.
Many videos have a title that may suggest that they use minors or the
actual recording of a crime, but no titles that are circulated with
the approval of Eirin, a self-censor organization of productions,
break any laws. A common ploy is to have a part of a title replaced
with a character, or to use a phonetically similar neologism. For
example, a video about "19 years old girls Sex Party!" may be sold
with a title like "1X years old Girls Sex Party!". The word Joshikosei
(女子高生?), lit. "High school girl," cannot be used as it would suggest a
girl of 17 years or younger, who cannot legally act in a pornographic
video. The homonymic neologism Joshikosei (女子校生?), which can mean a
"girl student," is used in many titles to promote the product without
breaking censorship laws. This fact may be seen in popular places of
Japan such as Akihabara or Den Den Town at Tokyo and Osaka
respectively.
Japanese AV also caters to many more fetishes than might be imagined
(or thought legal) by non-Japanese. Schoolgirl or uniform themed AV
dovetails with the aforementioned "non-consensual" genre—rape (レイプ
reipu?)—are common. SM, rope bondage, bestiality, virgins, internal
male climax or cream-pies (中出し nakadashi?), lesbians (レズ rezu?), along
with more eccentric fetishes (soap, office ladies, game shows) are all
covered.
[edit]Impacts on other cultures

Copyright infringement has created a problem in places where legal
copies are purchased such as Asia, the U.S. and Europe. To avoid
spending money on hiring translators for conversations that often
precede an act of sex, it has become normal to cut and piece together
a video filled with various scenes of sex and nothing else. Further,
to avoid the need for explaining a scene, especially on infringing
copies in countries where violence in pornography is heavily censored,
videos with simulated rape scenes became a niche of Japanese
pornography.
[edit]Types of publications

[edit]Magazines
Actress (Riidosha)
Action Camera Stinger (Wani Shuppan)
Bejean (Eichi Shuppan) - big seller
Beppin School (Eichi Shuppan)
Best Video (Sanwa Shuppan)
Don't (Sun shuppan)
Dr. Piccaso (Eichi Shuppan)
Gokuh (Eichi Shuppan)
Cream (Wailea Shuppan)
Nessha Booi (Tokyo Sanseisha)
Nyan Nyan Club (Core Magazine)
Shuukan Playboy (Shuueisha) - big seller
Uoo! (Sun Shuppan)
Urecco (Mirion Shuppan)
The Best Magazine (KK Best Sellers)
[edit]Publishers
Akaneshinsha
Asukii
Bauhaus
Bunkasha
Core Magazine
C's Publishing
Eichi publishing
France shoin
Futabasha
Futami Shobou
Issuisya
John Howard Xtreme Publishing
Kaimeikan
Kasakura Publishing
Kindai Eigasha
Kousaisyobo
Myway Publishing
Oakla Publishing
Odysseus Publishing
oks-online
Saibunkan Shuppan
Sakuramomo Syobo
Sanwa Erotica
Shinchosha
Shinkosha Publishing
Shobunkan
Softmagic
Studio Pot
Taiyō Publishing
Take Shobou
Terra Publications
Tokyo Sanseisha
Tsukasa Shobou
Wailea Publishing
Wani Books
Wanimagazine
Yaziyo
[edit]Studios
Alice Japan
Atlas21
Attackers
Bauhaus
Big Morkal
CineMagic Co.
Cross
Crystal-Eizou
Dogma
Garomage - nudity-only videos
Giga
Glory Quest
h.m.p.
Hokuto Corporation
Indies Media
Japan Home Video
Kasakura Shuppansha
KMP
Kuki Inc.
Lahaina Tokai
Madonna
Max-A
Million Film
Moodyz
Next 11
Prestige
Reddo Totsugekitai
S1 No. 1 Style
SexiA
Shai Kikaku
Soft On Demand
Take Shobou
Total Media Agency
Uchu Kikaku - major studio associated with Eichi Shuppan publishers
V&R Planning - includes V&R Products & V&R International
Wanz Factory
Yellow Box
[edit]Personalities
See also Category:Japanese pornographic film actors
Ai Iijima
Aika Miura
Anna Ohura
Azumi Kawashima
Bunko Kanazawa
Chocoball Mukai
Hikaru Koto
Keiko Nakazawa
Maria Ozawa
Riko Tachibana
Sakura Sakurada
Sakura Sena
Sora Aoi
Yua Aida
[edit]Genres
Bukkake
Futanari
Gokkun
Group sex
Gang bang
Hamedori
Japanese bondage
Lesbian
Lotion play
Sexual fetishism
Foot fetishism
Roshutsu
Tamakeri
[edit]See also

Chronology of adult videos in Japan
Eirin
Pornography in the United States
European pornography
[edit]References

^ Synopsis: Shinto, Sex, Shunga and Ecocrisis by dhushara's "Japan
Blog" chrisxtjapan.blogspot.com, October 2007
^ Rowley, Ian (22 January 2007). "Next-Gen DVD's Porn Struggle".
Businessweek. Retrieved 2008-01-21. "One oft-recalled explanation for
the failure of Sony's (SNE) Betamax videocassette format in the 1980s
was the Japanese company's ambivalence towards producers of
pornographic videos. By contrast, proponents of VHS, Betamax's rival,
welcomed adult content with open arms and, the legend goes, caused
Betamax's demise."
^ Tony McNicol (27 April 2004). "Does comic relief hurt kids?". The
Japan Times. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ The Penal Code, translated into English by the Cabinet Secretariat
^ The New York Times (20 February 2008). "Supreme Court in Japan
Upholds Mapplethorpe". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
^ Tim Richardson (18 May 1999). "Child porn banned in Japan". The
Register. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ Tony McNicol (4 October 2007). "NSFW Gallery: Blu-Ray Porn,
Mechanized Masturbation and Upskirts at Japan's First Sex Show".
Wired. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
^ e.g., Setsuko Tsuboi, "Child Rights: Act on Punishment of Activities
Relating to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (子どもの人権: 子ども買春・子ども
ポルノ禁止法)", Hougaku Seminar (法学セミナー) (ISSN:0439-3295) Vol. 44, No. 9,
pp. 54-57, Sep. 1999. (in Japanese)
^ Democrat's proposal
^ a b CATW - Asia Pacific, Trafficking in Women and Prostitution in
the Asia Pacific
^ "Pornography Easy To Find in Japan," Joseph Coleman, Associated
Press, October 1997.
^ 1996 National Police Agency survey, "Tokyo cracks down on teenage
prostitution ‘clubs,’" Reuters, 13 August 1997
^ "Japanese law would ban sex under 17," Agence France Presse, 24
August 1997
^ Trafficking in Persons Report 2008, by U.S. Department of State on
June 4, 2008