Hoarding 3d Model Free Download [REPACK]
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At the level of brain functions, neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in hoarding behavior have yielded equivocal results. The most common finding among the brain imaging studies was decreased metabolism in the lateral orbit frontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex. Findings of neuropsychological studies are difficult to meta-analyse due to difference in targeted functions and methods used [11]. However, hoarders without OCD have poorer delayed visual and verbal recall and used less effective organizational strategies for visual recall; less confidence in their memory and a greater level of worry concerning the potentially catastrophic consequences of forgetting; slower reaction time and increased impulsivity [11]. A well-validated battery of neuropsychological tests revealed only a difference in planning/problem-solving in people with HD without OCD compared to controls. It is possible that people with HD display decision-making difficulties specific only to items of personal significance, which would not be captured by these standard neuropsychological tasks [11].
This inferential confusion also extends to the beliefs about and manner of discarding possessions. This IBT approach is thoroughly described in French [20]; and the results are reported in a case-study [21]; and the results of an open trial of the IBT in hoarding has been published [22-25]. Further randomised trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the IBT in different subtypes of HD.
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The RePEc plagiarism page A model of liquidity hoarding and term premia in inter-bank marketsViral Acharya and David SkeieJournal of Monetary Economics, 2011, vol. 58, issue 5, 436-447Abstract:Financial crises are associated with reduced volumes and extreme levels of rates for term inter-bank loans, reflected in one-month and three-month LIBOR. We explain such stress by modeling leveraged banks' precautionary demand for liquidity. Asset shocks impair a bank's ability to roll over debt because of agency problems associated with high leverage. In turn, banks hoard liquidity and decrease term lending as their rollover risk increases over the term of the loan. High levels of short-term leverage and illiquidity of assets lead to low volumes and high rates for term borrowing. In extremis, inter-bank markets can completely freeze.Date: 2011
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Working Paper: A Model of Liquidity Hoarding and Term Premia in Inter-Bank Markets (2011)
Working Paper: A model of liquidity hoarding and term premia in inter-bank markets (2011)
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Hoarding symptoms are relatively prevalent in adolescents, particularly in girls, and cause distress and/or impairment. Hoarding was rarely associated with other common neurodevelopmental disorders, supporting its DSM-5 status as an independent diagnosis. The relative importance of genetic and shared environmental factors for hoarding differed across sexes. The findings are suggestive of dynamic developmental genetic and environmental effects operating from adolescence onto adulthood.
Hoarding has been defined as the acquisition of and failure to discard a large number of possessions, difficulties using living spaces due to clutter and significant impairment and/or emotional distress due to the hoarding behavior [1]. Hoarding can be a serious health problem and may result in social isolation, family burden, eviction, and even death in extreme cases [2]. Although traditionally studied in the context of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), mounting research indicates that hoarding is in fact seldom OCD-related [3]. The idea that hoarding might be a separate psychopathological entity has led to the inclusion of a new disorder in DSM-5 named Hoarding Disorder (HD) [4]. The diagnostic criteria for HD have been empirically tested and found to be valid, reliable and perceived as useful and acceptable by both professionals and sufferers alike [5], [6].
Hoarding is often considered a problem of old age; most clinically referred samples consist of adults or older adults. However, anecdotal evidence and some retrospective studies suggest that the origins of hoarding may be in childhood or adolescence [7], [8]. Indeed, many patients report specific events in childhood (such as parents forcefully discarding possessions) as the origin of their current problematic behavior [9]. HD is thought to follow a chronic and progressively deteriorating course over time, with a retrospectively reported onset between ages 11 and 15 [8]. In adults, hoarding may be highly prevalent with estimates of point prevalence ranging from 2% to almost 6% [10], [11]. The actual prevalence of hoarding symptoms during childhood and adolescence in the general population remains unknown. Because parental control over the living space may limit the extent and consequences of hoarding in young people, any prevalence estimates should take this into account.
The first aim of this study was to elucidate prevalence and comorbidity of hoarding symptoms in a large twin sample of adolescents. The second aim was to estimate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to hoarding symptoms and to test whether sex-differences in heritability patterns exist in this age group.
Participants were 15-year old monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins enrolled in the Swedish Twin Registry and taking part in the ongoing Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS). CATSS is a prospective, longitudinal study of all twins born in Sweden since 1992 whose parents were first contacted and interviewed when twins reached the age of 9 or 12 years [28]. We used data on hoarding symptoms from the follow-up at age 15, when twins themselves were contacted and asked to fill out a measure of hoarding symptoms. This age group is ideal to study the development of hoarding symptoms given the available retrospective accounts of adolescent symptom onset given by adult patients with HD [8], [29].
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of hoarding and non-hoarding groups are shown in Table 1. Adolescents with hoarding symptoms were more likely to be female (72% vs. 54%). The two groups were similar regarding urban area of living, parental education, income and immigrant status. Among hoarders, ADHD was the most common co-occurring disorder at age 9/12 (10.0%) whereas OCD and ASD were each comorbid in 2.9% of the cases. However, no significant differences emerged between the hoarding and the non-hoarding groups in terms of comorbidity.
The obtained prevalence estimate of hoarding symptoms also indicates that these are at least as common as OCD during adolescence [45], [46], a finding that contradicts the notion that hoarding is merely is a subtype of OCD.
Our findings also showed that OCD, to which HD has been linked traditionally, co-occurred in only 2.9% of adolescents who fulfilled hoarding criteria and at a similar rate among those who did not. This finding from a non-clinical sample suggests that the link between the two disorders might be especially tenuous during adolescence. Previous findings of high comorbidity between HD and ADHD in clinically ascertained samples of adults [12], [47] and youth [18] were not confirmed. We also found comparable rates of ASD in the hoarding and non-hoarding groups. Similarly, research in adults suggests that symptoms of autism are not more prevalent in subjects with HD compared to psychiatric controls [17]. Taken together, our findings suggest that in the majority of cases at the population level, hoarding symptoms are frequently present in the absence of other neurodevelopmental disorders, lending further support to the notion that HD might be a distinct nosological entity.
The results should be interpreted considering several limitations. First, we based our classification of clinically significant hoarding symptoms on a measure not specifically validated in an adolescent population. Thus, the possibility that it did not capture hoarding symptoms equally well as in adults cannot be ruled out. Hopefully, the modification of the clutter item increased its relevance for this age group. Second, prevalence estimates should be seen as indicative rather than definitive because we could not conclusively rule out other medical or psychiatric conditions that are known to lead to hoarding behavior [52], [53]. Third, although ADHD, ASD and OCD are relatively stable prevalence-wise in the age span from 9/12 to 15 years, more precise estimates of their co-occurrence with hoarding symptoms would have been obtained had they been assessed at age 15 years and not at age 9/12; hence, we cannot totally exclude an under- or possibly overestimation of ADHD, ASD and OCD comorbidity. Fourth, albeit modeled closely after DSM-IV-TR-criteria [39], comorbid OCD was not determined using a validated measure, and was based solely on parental report. Thus, the OCD comorbidity rate might have been underestimated by parents and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Fifth, and finally, since ASD and ADHD were significantly more common among non-responders, we cannot rule out that the true comorbidity of hoarding symptoms and neurodevelopmental disorders might be higher.
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