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States |
Capital |
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Andhra Pradesh |
Hyderabad |
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Arunachal Pradesh |
Itanagar |
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Assam |
Guwhati |
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Bihar |
Patna |
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Chhattisgarh |
Raipur |
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Goa |
Panaji |
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Gujarat |
Gandhinagar |
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Haryana |
Chandigarh |
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Himachal Pradesh |
Shimla |
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Jammu and Kashmir |
Summer Capital: Jammu
Winter Capital: Srinagar |
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Jharkhand |
Ranchi |
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Karnataka |
Bangalore |
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Kerala |
Thiruvananthapuram |
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Madhya Pradesh |
Bhopal |
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Maharashtra |
Mumbai |
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Manipur |
Imphal |
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Meghalaya |
Shillong |
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Mizoram |
Aizwal |
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Nagaland |
Kohima |
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Orissa |
Bhubaneswar |
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Punjab |
Chandigarh |
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Rajasthan |
Jaipur |
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Sikkim |
Gangtok |
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Tamil Nadu |
Chennai |
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Tripura |
Agartala |
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Uttaranchal |
Dehradun |
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Uttar Pradesh |
Lucknow |
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West Bengal |
Kolkatta |
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Union Territory
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Capital |
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Andaman & Nicobar |
Port Blair |
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Chandigarh |
Chandigarh |
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Dadra and Nagar Haveli |
Silvassa |
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Daman and Diu |
Daman |
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Delhi |
Delhi |
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Lakshadweep |
Kavaratti |
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Pondicherry |
Pondicherry |
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Dr.Rajendra Prasad
(Jan. 26, 1950 to May 13, 1962)
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Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(May 13, 1962 to May 13, 1967)
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Dr.Zakir Husain
(May 13, 1967 to May 3, 1969)
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Varahagiri Venkatagiri
(May 3, 1969 to July 20, 1969)(acting)
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Justice Mohammed Hidayatullah
(July 20, 1969 to August 24, 1969)(acting)
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Varahagiri Venkatagiri
(August 24, 1969 to August 24, 1974)
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Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(August 24, 1974 to Feb. 11, 1977)
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B.D.Jatti
(Feb. 12, 1977 to July 25, 1977)(acting)
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Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
(July 25, 1977 to July 25, 1982)
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Giani Zail Singh
(July 25, 1982 to July 25, 1987)
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R.Venkataraman
(July 25, 1987 to July 25, 1992)
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Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma
(July 25, 1992 to July 25, 1997)
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K. R. Narayanan
(July 25, 1997 - July 25, 2002)
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A P J Abdul Kalam
July 25, 2002 - July 25, 2007
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Pratibha Patil
July 25, 2007 - till date
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Jawaharlal Nehru
Aug. 15, 1947 - May 27, 1964
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Gulzari Lal Nanda
May 27, 1964 - June 9, 1964 (Interim)
January 11 - 24, 1966(Interim)
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Lal Bahadur Shastri
June 9, 1964 - January 11, 1966
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Indira Gandhi
Jan. 24, 1966 to March 24, 1977
Jan. 14, 1980 to Oct. 31,1984
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Morarji Desai
March 24, 1977 to July 28, 1979
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Charan Singh
July 28, 1979 - Jan. 14, 1980
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Rajiv Gandhi
Oct. 31,1984 to Dec. 1,1989
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V. P. Singh
Dec. 2,1989 - Nov. 10, 1990
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Chandra Shekhar
Nov. 10,1990 - June 21, 1991
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P. V. Narasimha Rao
June 21, 1991 to May 10, 1996
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
May 16 to June 1, 1996
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H. D. Deve Gowda
June 1, 1996 to April 21, 1997
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I. K. Gujral
April 21, 1997 - Nov. 28. 1997.
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Atal Bihari Vajpayee
March 19, 1998 - May 22, 2004
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Dr. Manmohan Singh
May 22, 2004 - till date
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National Animal of India
Tiger is scientifically known as Panthera tigris. It is a member of the Felidae family and the largest of the four ‘big cats’ of the Panthera genus. On an average, a tiger is about 13 feet in length and 150 kilograms in weight. The pattern of dark vertical stripes that overlay near-white to reddish-orange fur is the distinct recognition of a tiger. By nature, the tiger is a keen predator and carnivore. The Panthera tigris is a native of the eastern and southern Asia. Known as Lord of Jungles due to its grace, agility, power and endurance, Tiger is also the national animal of India.
Choice of Tiger as National Animal
Tiger was chosen as the National animal of India due to its grace, strength, agility and enormous power. As the tiger is also considered as the king of Jungle, it was an obvious choice for the National Animal category. Since time immemorial, the tiger has been considered as a Royal Animal. Often, The Tiger as the National Animal of India symbolizes the power, strength, elegance, alertness, intelligence and endurance of the nation.
Declining Population of Tiger
There is a steep fall in the population of tigers in the world. Due to illegal smuggling of Tiger Skin and other body parts, there are very few tigers left in the world today. According to the World Census of Tigers, there are only 5000 -7000 tigers in the world today. Out of which, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar claim to have a population of 3000 to 4500 and India alone claims to have a population of 2500 to 3750. In India, out of the eight known races of the Panthera Tigris species, the Royal Bengal Tiger, is found throughout the country except in the north-western region.
Project Tiger in India
Due to the extreme threat of extinction of the tiger species from the country, the Indian Government launched Project Tiger in 1973. Project tiger was focused to preserve the remaining tiger population in the country and increase the breeding of the species so that new population could be added to the existing one. Under this Project, 23 tiger reserves were established throughout the country, covering an area of 33,406 sq. km for providing safe and comfortable shelter to the tigers in the natural environment. By 1993, there was much improvement in the tiger population in the country. However despite the increase in population, the population of tigers in the country is still not satisfactory compared to the effort and money put in the project. This is due to the illegal poaching of the tigers and negligence of authorities towards the alarming situation of the tiger population in the country.
National Anthem of India
National anthem can be described as a patriotic musical composition of a country, which reminds and praises the history, traditions and struggles of its people. At the same time, it has to be recognized as the official national song, either by the nation's government or by convention through use by the people. The national anthem of India is 'Jana-gana-mana', composed originally in Bengali, by Rabindranath Tagore. It was adopted as the national anthem of India, in its Hindi version, by the Constituent Assembly, on 24th January 1950.
'Jana-gana-mana' was first sung on 27th December 1911, long before Indian gained independence, at the Calcutta Session of the Indian National Congress. The complete song consists of five stanzas. As for the playing time of the full version of the national anthem, it will take up approximately 52 seconds. A short version, consisting of first and last lines of the stanza (playing time approximately 20 seconds), is also played on certain occasions.
National Anthem In Hindi
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga.
Tava shubha name jage,
Tava shubha asisa mage,
Gahe tava jaya gatha,
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,
Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!
Thirugnanam
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