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Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. For example, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005.[17]However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western United States,[18] although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced.[19][20] SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of solar thermal power (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following).[18]
The Seawise Giant was the largest, moving man-made object on the planet. Measured from stern to bow, the ship was longer than the Empire State Building's height. The ship spanned 1,504 ft (458.45 meters) and had a staggering gross tonnage of 260,941 gross tonnes (GT) or 214,793 net tonnes).
While net flux shows a very obvious seasonal pattern, global cloudiness is much more variable from month to month. The part of the planet where net flux is positive (that is, more energy coming in than going out) shifts north of the equator beginning with the March equinox and south of the equator with the September equinox, coinciding with spring and summer in the respective hemispheres. A broad band of clouds around the equator shifts slightly north and south with the seasons, but across the rest of the globe, seasonal cloud patterns are less obvious.
This has been tested are revealed many times. If you use your thrust to circularize (make more circular) then you have to pay an additional cost to circularize, you cannot keep that energy when you leave, it goes into the planetary system.
The HiPEP produced a range of ISPs, 6000-9000s. I used 6000s because it is the only way it matched the numbers you came up with. A more sensible design would have a much lower Isp anyway, and a much better tank mass to propellant mass ratio.
The 5600m/s... is for the entire mission. From Earth departure (3500m/s) to Mars arrival (2100m/s). I am concentrating on the first part.
I have demonstrated that 'spiralling out' is not 'wasting' fuel.
A spiralling trajectory does not circularize, it just reaches escape velocity and straight lines away from the planet
You really should read past postings in the group. The topic of hydrogen leakage has been discussed ad nausea. Its the reason when I say x-space craft use RL10b-2 at some great distance from earth I also mention that no provision or some mass provision was give for collection and concentration of hydrogen.
This is how your scenario plays out, race Q on Ganymede takes off with a full load of hydrogen. On day 26 it is bombarded by a cosmic ray storm and looses about 1/10th of its hydrogen. As it makes its way to Mars (a trip that takes 1.9 years) it looses about 5% per month. Somewhere around the sixth month the spy realizing that he will not have enough fuel to hide unfolds his solar panels and radiators and begins scavenging all the hydrogen that he can. Just then the target world and its 1000 circumsolar asteroid findng space craft detect a strange signature. They immediately begin panning that area of the sky, now about 10 m Km from the target planet and 8M km min from the telescopes. Sure enough a strange reflection of the solar panels are caught just long enough to plot a course. The course will intercept the target. The target planet then trains all variety of sensors looking for the coincidence of x-ray, uv, visual, and Ir photons from regions of space without sources along the path. Since they are not looking at a single wavelength or a single time but following a path they pick up a very fuzzy signal that suddenly increases as it approaches the world. They train there lasers to the part of space where stars momentarily disappear and blast with many lasers with microwaves that correspond to the frequency absorption of Vanablack, sudddnely a very intense IR signal appears, they keep blasting until the target explodes. No spies were detected, but very stranglely that area of space smells like bar-b-que to death row inmates who get spaced.
Insertion just requires that the craft start decelerating early enough so that its velocity relative to the target planet falls below the planet's escape velocity. It needs enough distance and time to accomplish this.
In coming asteroid travel at up to 30,000 meters per second (even an earth bound escape velocity roid is traveling 11,500 meters per second when it hits the atmosphere. There earth is 6,500,000 meters in radius. if the average approach speed is 5000 meters per second then one earth radius is 1200 seconds. (20 minutes) . This means a fusiform shaped object could avoid detection by have a low profile to the earth to about 2 to 3 hours from earth. A reflective surface would not be detected until it almost reached earth. And if the object entered at the angle of the sun (meaning the suns rays hit from its back side) its reflected light would be difficult to detect at all.
As you can see, there are two buttons to load the planets or dwarf planets. Then there is a checkbox that allows you to clear the Treeview. Now where is the button for the moons I spoke about, you ask? Well, as said, we will use different logic to add them.
Here, I actually created three Arrays and one Boolean variable. The Planet array contains 8 elements. Dwarf Planets contain 5 elements. With the Moons array, I did not include an amount of items as it will continuously be resized according to which planet or dwarf planet was selected. The Clear variable simply helps you determine if the Clear checkbox has been clicked or not.
Great thinkers can solve this issue before it ends up creating a slew of bad scenarios. If AGW is as bad as some say it is, then we may have already done the damage to the globe and trying to reverse it now will be too late. But if it is not a significant factor in the climate variations the earth experiences, in response to things such as sun activity, tidal shifts influenced by the alignment of the sun, moon and earth in 100,000 year cycles or increased volcanic and geologic activity, dust particles in the atmosphere, and hot vents in the ocean that heat up ocean water, then from the regulations our government is placing on our energy and industry, we are likely to be creating a sociological crisis that will be spawned by a net decline in food production. Carl Sagan hit the nail on the head almost 2 decades ago.
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Nevertheless, I still do not understand why this admittedly wrong assumption could falsify their claim that the forcing is significantly lowered when considering the probabilities of the energy states of Co2 and the angle between emitter and earth (height). That means: In your calculations, Did you consider the energy states? And if not would that consideration affect the resulting height of the tropopause, the 3.7/4.7 Watts or the 1.1 degrees?
If you were measuring the black body temperature of the earth from the moon with an IR bolometer over the last few million years, the only change would be astronomic orbital effects. Everything else is about how heat flows from the surface through the atmosphere
6. Do you consider it necessary to start now a broad planetary discussion of the climate change problem so that all points of view are heard equally attentively and impartially, since a great distrust of the IPCC reports has arisen?
The tidal wave is caused mostly by the rotation of the earth. In the ocean the movement is mostly vertical but there is a tractional component which causes a lateral movement of water. There are two tidal bulges each of which travels about 40,000km each day so that represents a speed of roughly 1600 miles per hour near the equator. A similar effect exists in the atmosphere but this is normally drowned out by weather and diurnal heating and convection. Tidal induced winds have been observed in the upper atmosphere but their bulk velocity is small 10 m/sec.
Even though catastrophic levels of snowfall had to have happened consistently for millennia at the beginning of at least the last 4 glaciation cycles, I have never come across anyone that has considered it as a potential civilization altering natural disaster that might be looming on our horizon. Even if, on a geologic time scale, Co2 forcing pushes us past the point where moisture can even precipitate as snow and instead we have monsoon rains above the arctic circle, as it seems like we did during the Eocene, I would think there should still be a point where the northern hemisphere experiences catastrophic snowfall, caused by a warmer climate not a colder one, even if it does not turn into ice accumulation. Further I suspect that that level of snow fall could happen every winter for hundreds of years prior to the planet warming enough to the point where all the precipitation above the arctic circle is just rainfall.
No you are not out to lunch on this. The Eemian interglacial 120,000 years ago was warmer than today and sea levels several meters higher. The only real difference was that the eccentricity of the orbit was significantly higher than currently. This reduces the distance to the sun at perihelion increasing insolation. The tilt of the earth is perhaps more important since it changes the extent of the Arctic Circle and tropics, accentuating the seasons. This will also change rainfall ranges, so it is possible that snowfall at high latitude increases. Clearly something must explain such rapid ice accumulation.
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