Re: City Car Driving 1.2 2 Download Crack
Cherly Fleitas
Our company designs software and hardware products for car driving education and entertainment: smart AI systems, virtual models of cities, car simulators, special vehicle simulators, industrial car driving simulators etc. We also design car driving computer games, on the basis of our own technologies and experience.
The car driving game named "City Car Driving" is a new car simulator, designed to help users experience car driving in а big city, the countryside and in different conditions or go just for a joy ride. Special stress in the "City Car Driving" simulator has been laid on a variety of different road situations and realistic car driving.
Students must have held a valid Level 1 license for a minimum of 3 consecutive months. Students must have completed a minimum of 40 hours of driving time and 3 hours have to be night driving, with a parent, legal guardian, or, with the permission of a parent or legal guardian, driver who is 21 years of age or older. A student must possess a Level 1 license to drive a motor vehicle.
Motor City Driving Academy was founded to provide safe and professional driving instruction to new drivers in the Detroit, MI area. We serve hundreds of students each year and our fully licensed driving school is trusted by adults and teenagers alike to provide a patient, courteous, and safe driving experience.
First of all I never thought I could drive and here i am with a valid driving license. My life is been made easy by Ms Ross and Motor City Driving Academy. She knew what my strengths were and she helped me overcome all my weaknesses. So if you feel you can never drive but have to try , these people will bring the driver out of you and in small time you gain the confidence ,patience and motivation to drive... Highly recommended this place...
I chose this driving academy mainly because of the reviews and I must say the reviews about this academy are so right! My instructor Ms. Ross made me so comfortable, I was able to overcome my fear of driving within a weeks' time. I appreciate the hard work she has put to get me to perfect my driving skills. I got my driver's license in one go and I nailed the parking without a single point cut ?. All the credits go to Ms. Ross to build the confidence in me.
Motor City Driving Academy was founded to provide safe and professional driving instruction to new drivers in the Detroit, MI area. We serve hundreds of students each year and our fully licensed driving school...More
According to some estimates there will be 1.7 billion cars and trucks on the planet by 20301. Private vehicles bring increased mobility, but also create local air pollution and other negative externalities, particularly in urban areas in low- and middle-income countries where much of this vehicle growth is expected to occur. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution causes 3.7 million deaths annually2, and vehicles play a central role because driving emits large amounts of pollution in close proximity to human populations.
There is wide agreement among economists that externalities should be addressed directly using taxes or cap-and-trade programs. Although there has been some recent progress in this direction, the vast majority of vehicle emissions worldwide remain unpriced. Instead, one of the policy alternatives that is gaining attention is license-plate based driving restrictions. The exact format differs across cities, but most driving restrictions prohibit vehicles from driving once or twice a week during weekdays.
Several features of this paper distinguish it from a small existing literature on driving restrictions. Most significantly, this paper is the first to focus on Saturdays. While previous studies focus on weekdays4,5,6,7,8, weekends are particularly interesting because travel tends to be more discretionary and with potentially more scope for drivers to substitute to lower-emitting forms of transportation like public buses, or even to zero-emissions forms of transportation like bicycles or walking.
This paper is also significant in that it includes data on airborne particulates. Particulate matter is widely regarded to be the most dangerous pollutant for human health, but previous analyses of driving restrictions in Mexico City have been unable to examine particulates because monitoring stations began collecting data on particulates only relatively recently4,5.
Record levels of ozone and other airborne pollutants led the Mexico City government to introduce driving restrictions in November 1989. Mexico City was one of the first cities to implement license-plate based driving restrictions, and the policy has spurred similar restrictions in Santiago, São Paulo, Bogotá and elsewhere. Table 1 shows that more than 145 million people live in cities with license-plate based driving restrictions9,10. Most recently, Delhi launched license-plate based driving restrictions on January 1, 2016.
Although the primary rationale for the program expansion was air quality, the introduction of Saturday driving restrictions might also be expected to reduce traffic congestion. According to some estimates the annual cost of traffic delays in Mexico City exceeds $580 per capita with external costs similar in magnitude to the external costs from local air pollutants16. Mexico City does not have continuous traffic monitoring so it is not possible to examine traffic congestion directly.
This lack of substitution to these lower-emitting forms of transportation is disappointing from a program evaluation perspective but perhaps not surprising. Public transportation in Mexico City is inexpensive but also slower and less convenient than private transportation. Bus and rail transportation follows well-specified major routes, so must typically be combined with other forms of transportation. Public transportation also tends to be crowded, particularly during peak hours when the system runs near capacity. In practice, these disadvantages lead most residents of Mexico City to choose private vehicles when they have that alternative.
Rather than switching to public transportation or staying at home, the evidence suggests that drivers instead respond to the Saturday restrictions getting rides from other drivers. For households with more than one vehicle, this substitution is natural and relatively easy. For households with only a single vehicle, drivers can ask for a ride from extended family, friends, and neighbors. Whether or not this ride sharing yields a net reduction in driving is not clear. A classic carpool with individuals leaving from and going to the exact same location will reduce total driving, but if drivers are going out of their normal routes then total driving may actually increase.
Taxis are another very relevant alternative. Mexico City has one of the largest taxi fleets in the world. Taxis are available everywhere in the city and are relatively cheap. For a driver who is prohibited from using their vehicle one Saturday per month, taking a taxi is an easy, convenient alternative. Uber was launched in Mexico City in 2013 so was not yet available when the program expanded to Saturdays. Moving forward, however, Uber, Lyft, and similar companies are making taxi-like services even more available.
Willingness-to-pay to avoid the restrictions is not directly observable, but previous studies have attempted to infer it using a couple of different approaches. Many drivers respond to driving restrictions by buying a second vehicle, so vehicle expenditures provide information about willingness-to-pay. This approach requires strong assumptions, but has the advantage of being based on actual decisions made by drivers. Using this approach4, finds that driving restrictions impose costs equal to about $3.00 per vehicle per day.
Another point of comparison is taxi fares. Taxis are widely available so waiting times are minimal and the main cost is the fare itself. A 10-kilometer taxi ride with a regular Mexico City taxi costs $3.75 (62 pesos), so drivers who respond to driving restrictions by taking a round-trip taxi ride incur daily costs of $7.50. This back-of-the-envelope calculation misses several important advantages of taxis (avoid parking fees, avoid gasoline and other variable costs), but also several disadvantages (hassle cost, less comfortable, less safe).
Lastly, a recent contingent valuation study asked 2,500 Mexico City drivers how much they would be willing-to-pay to avoid driving restrictions17. This is in some ways the most direct approach for quantifying the costs of the program and has the advantage that, at least in theory, these self-reported measures of willingness-to-pay should include both monetary costs (e.g. taxi fares) but also non-monetary costs like loss of time and hassle costs. This study find an average annual willingness-to-pay equivalent to about $2.00 per vehicle per day.
Thus the estimates range from about $2 to $7.50 per day. Under Saturday driving restrictions, most vehicles are banned from driving 12 Saturdays per year, so this is $24 to $90 annually per vehicle. There are about 3.0 million vehicles in Mexico City subject to Saturday driving restrictions, so the total welfare loss from the Saturday expansion ranges from $72 million to $270 million annually.
It is critical, however, for these policies to be evaluated rigorously. The effectiveness of driving restrictions depends on the available substitutes and the willingness of drivers to switch to lower-emissions forms of transportation. Drivers have a revealed preference for fast and convenient transportation so it can be difficult to get them to switch to public transportation. Moving forward, this is not going to get any easier with the increased global availability of taxi-like services like Uber. As incomes continue to increase around the world so does the value of time and thus the preference for private transportation.
aa06259810