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Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).
The built-in string class provides the ability to do complex variablesubstitutions and value formatting via the format() method described inPEP 3101. The Formatter class in the string module allowsyou to create and customize your own string formatting behaviors using the sameimplementation as the built-in format() method.
This function does the actual work of formatting. It is exposed as aseparate function for cases where you want to pass in a predefineddictionary of arguments, rather than unpacking and repacking thedictionary as individual arguments using the *args and **kwargssyntax. vformat() does the work of breaking up the format stringinto character data and replacement fields. It calls the variousmethods described below.
Loop over the format_string and return an iterable of tuples(literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion). This is usedby vformat() to break the string into either literal text, orreplacement fields.
The values in the tuple conceptually represent a span of literal textfollowed by a single replacement field. If there is no literal text(which can happen if two replacement fields occur consecutively), thenliteral_text will be a zero-length string. If there is no replacementfield, then the values of field_name, format_spec and conversionwill be None.
Implement checking for unused arguments if desired. The arguments to thisfunction is the set of all argument keys that were actually referred to inthe format string (integers for positional arguments, and strings fornamed arguments), and a reference to the args and kwargs that waspassed to vformat. The set of unused args can be calculated from theseparameters. check_unused_args() is assumed to raise an exception ifthe check fails.
The str.format() method and the Formatter class share the samesyntax for format strings (although in the case of Formatter,subclasses can define their own format string syntax). The syntax isrelated to that of formatted string literals, but it isless sophisticated and, in particular, does not support arbitrary expressions.
In less formal terms, the replacement field can start with a field_name that specifiesthe object whose value is to be formatted and insertedinto the output instead of the replacement field.The field_name is optionally followed by a conversion field, which ispreceded by an exclamation point '!', and a format_spec, which is precededby a colon ':'. These specify a non-default format for the replacement value.
The conversion field causes a type coercion before formatting. Normally, thejob of formatting a value is done by the __format__() method of the valueitself. However, in some cases it is desirable to force a type to be formattedas a string, overriding its own definition of formatting. By converting thevalue to a string before calling __format__(), the normal formatting logicis bypassed.
A format_spec field can also include nested replacement fields within it.These nested replacement fields may contain a field name, conversion flagand format specification, but deeper nesting isnot allowed. The replacement fields within theformat_spec are substituted before the format_spec string is interpreted.This allows the formatting of a value to be dynamically specified.
width is a decimal integer defining the minimum total field width,including any prefixes, separators, and other formatting characters.If not specified, then the field width will be determined by the content.
In addition to the above presentation types, integers can be formattedwith the floating point presentation types listed below (except'n' and None). When doing so, float() is used to convert theinteger to a floating point number before formatting.
Fixed-point notation. For a given precision p,formats the number as a decimal number with exactlyp digits following the decimal point. With noprecision given, uses a precision of 6 digits afterthe decimal point for float, and uses aprecision large enough to show all coefficient digitsfor Decimal. If no digits follow thedecimal point, the decimal point is also removed unlessthe # option is used.
General format. For a given precision p >= 1,this rounds the number to p significant digits andthen formats the result in either fixed-point formator in scientific notation, depending on its magnitude.A precision of 0 is treated as equivalent to aprecision of 1.
For float this is the same as 'g', exceptthat when fixed-point notation is used to format theresult, it always includes at least one digit past thedecimal point. The precision used is as large as neededto represent the given value faithfully.
Template strings provide simpler string substitutions as described inPEP 292. A primary use case for template strings is forinternationalization (i18n) since in that context, the simpler syntax andfunctionality makes it easier to translate than other built-in stringformatting facilities in Python. As an example of a library built on templatestrings for i18n, see theflufl.i18n package.
The first argument format! receives is a format string. This must be a stringliteral. The power of the formatting string is in the s contained.Additional parameters passed to format! replace the s within theformatting string in the order given unless named or positional parametersare used.
A common use for format! is concatenation and interpolation of strings.The same convention is used with print! and write! macros,depending on the intended destination of the string; all these macros internally use format_args!.
In JSON documents, dates are represented as strings. Elasticsearch uses a setof preconfigured formats to recognize and parse these strings into a longvalue representing milliseconds-since-the-epoch in UTC.
Most of the below formats have a strict companion format, which means thatyear, month and day parts of the month must use respectively 4, 2 and 2 digitsexactly, potentially prepending zeros. For instance a date like 5/11/1 wouldbe considered invalid and would need to be rewritten to 2005/11/01 to beaccepted by the date parser.
format(style) changes the output display format to the format specified by style. For example, format("shortG") displays numeric values in a compact form with 5 total digits. Numeric formats affect only how numbers appear in the display, not how MATLAB computes or saves them.
Property values reflect the state of the display format when the object is created. The properties do not automatically change when the display format changes. See Save and Restore Display Format for an example.
The specified format applies only to the current MATLAB session. To maintain a format across sessions, choose a Numeric format or Line spacing option in the Command Window preferences.
MATLAB always displays integer data types tothe appropriate number of digits for the data type. For example, MATLAB uses3 digits to display int8 data types (for instance,-128:127). Setting the output format to short or long doesnot affect the display of integer-type variables.
The guidelines for paper format apply to both student assignments and manuscripts being submitted for publication to a journal. If you are using APA Style to create another kind of work (e.g., a website, conference poster, or PowerPoint presentation), you may need to format your work differently in order to optimize its presentation, for example, by using different line spacing and font sizes. Follow the guidelines of your institution or publisher to adapt APA Style formatting guidelines as needed.
You can use number formats to change the appearance of numbers, including dates and times, without changing the actual number. The number format does not affect the cell value that Excel uses to perform calculations. The actual value is displayed in the formula bar.
Excel provides several built-in number formats. You can use these built-in formats as is, or you can use them as a basis for creating your own custom number formats. When you create custom number formats, you can specify up to four sections of format code. These sections of code define the formats for positive numbers, negative numbers, zero values, and text, in that order. The sections of code must be separated by semicolons (;).
If you specify only one section of format code, the code in that section is used for all numbers. If you specify two sections of format code, the first section of code is used for positive numbers and zeros, and the second section of code is used for negative numbers. When you skip code sections in your number format, you must include a semicolon for each of the missing sections of code. You can use the ampersand (&) text operator to join, or concatenate, two values.
To create a number format that includes text that is typed in a cell, insert an "at" sign (@) in the text section of the number format code section at the point where you want the typed text to be displayed in the cell. If the @ character is not included in the text section of the number format, any text that you type in the cell is not displayed; only numbers are displayed. You can also create a number format that combines specific text characters with the text that is typed in the cell. To do this, enter the specific text characters that you want before the @ character, after the @ character, or both. Then, enclose the text characters that you entered in double quotation marks (" "). For example, to include text before the text that's typed in the cell, enter "gross receipts for "@ in the text section of the number format code.
To create a space that is the width of a character in a number format, insert an underscore (_) followed by the character. For example, if you want positive numbers to line up correctly with negative numbers that are enclosed in parentheses, insert an underscore at the end of the positive number format followed by a right parenthesis character.
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