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This manual describes how to install, use and extend NixOS, a Linux distribution based on the purely functional package management system Nix, that is composed using modules and packages defined in the Nixpkgs project.
Then you can select the keyboard layout. The default keyboard model shouldwork well with most desktop keyboards. If you have a special keyboard ornotebook, your model might be in the list. Select the language you are mostcomfortable typing in.
On the graphical installer, you can configure the network, wifiincluded, through NetworkManager. Using the nmtui program, you can doso even in a non-graphical session. If you prefer to configure thenetwork manually, disable NetworkManager withsystemctl stop NetworkManager.
On the minimal installer, NetworkManager is not available, soconfiguration must be performed manually. To configure the wifi, firststart wpa_supplicant with sudo systemctl start wpa_supplicant, thenrun wpa_cli. For most home networks, you need to type in the followingcommands:
If you would like to continue the installation from a different machineyou can use activated SSH daemon. You need to copy your ssh key toeither /home/nixos/.ssh/authorized_keys or/root/.ssh/authorized_keys (Tip: For installers with a modifiablefilesystem such as the sd-card installer image a key can be manuallyplaced by mounting the image on a different machine). Alternatively youmust set a password for either root or nixos with passwd to beable to login.
For initialising Ext4 partitions: mkfs.ext4. It is recommendedthat you assign a unique symbolic label to the file system using theoption -L label, since this makes the file system configurationindependent from device changes. For example:
If your machine has a limited amount of memory, you may want toactivate swap devices now (swapon device).The installer (or rather, the build actions that itmay spawn) may need quite a bit of RAM, depending on yourconfiguration.
You now need to create a file /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nixthat specifies the intended configuration of the system. This isbecause NixOS has a declarative configuration model: you create oredit a description of the desired configuration of your system, andthen NixOS takes care of making it happen. The syntax of the NixOSconfiguration file is described in Configuration Syntax,while a list of available configuration options appears inAppendix A. A minimal example is shown inExample: NixOS Configuration.
You must select a boot-loader, either systemd-boot or GRUB. The recommendedoption is systemd-boot: set the option boot.loader.systemd-boot.enableto true. nixos-generate-config should do this automaticallyfor new configurations when booted in UEFI mode.
With systemd-boot, you should not need any special configuration to detectother installed systems. With GRUB, set boot.loader.grub.useOSProberto true, but this will only detect windows partitions, not other Linuxdistributions. If you dual boot another Linux distribution, use systemd-bootinstead.
If you need to configure networking for your machine theconfiguration options are described in Networking. Inparticular, while wifi is supported on the installation image, it isnot enabled by default in the configuration generated bynixos-generate-config.
Depending on your hardware configuration or type of file system, youmay need to set the option boot.initrd.kernelModules to includethe kernel modules that are necessary for mounting the root filesystem, otherwise the installed system will not be able to boot. (Ifthis happens, boot from the installation media again, mount thetarget file system on /mnt, fix /mnt/etc/nixos/configuration.nixand rerun nixos-install.) In most cases, nixos-generate-configwill figure out the required modules.
This will install your system based on the configuration youprovided. If anything fails due to a configuration problem or anyother issue (such as a network outage while downloading binariesfrom the NixOS binary cache), you can re-run nixos-install afterfixing your configuration.nix.
You should now be able to boot into the installed NixOS. The GRUBboot menu shows a list of available configurations (initially justone). Every time you change the NixOS configuration (see ChangingConfiguration), a new item is added to themenu. This allows you to easily roll back to a previousconfiguration if something goes wrong.
To summarise, Example: Commands for Installing NixOS on /dev/sdashows a typical sequence of commands for installing NixOS on an empty harddrive (here /dev/sda). Example: NixOS Configuration shows acorresponding configuration Nix expression.
These instructions assume that you have an existing PXE or iPXEinfrastructure and want to add the NixOS installer as anotheroption. To build the necessary files from your current version of nixpkgs,you can run:
In the future we may begin making these files available as buildproducts from hydra at which point we will update this documentationwith instructions on how to obtain them either for placing on adedicated TFTP server or to boot them directly over the internet.
Installing NixOS into a VirtualBox guest is convenient for users whowant to try NixOS without installing it on bare metal. If you want touse a pre-made VirtualBox appliance, it is available at the downloadspage. If you want to setup a VirtualBox guest manually, follow these instructions:
Because Nix (the package manager) & Nixpkgs (the Nix packagescollection) can both be installed on any (most?) Linux distributions,they can be used to install NixOS in various creative ways. You can, forinstance:
On some distributions there are separate PATHS for programs intendedonly for root. In order for the installation to succeed, you mighthave to use PATH="$PATH:/usr/sbin:/sbin" in the following command.
Finally, move the /boot directory of your current distribution outof the way (the lustrate process will take care of the rest once youreboot, but this one must be moved out now because NixOS needs toinstall its own boot files:
to build the configuration and switch the running system to it, butwithout making it the boot default. So if (say) the configuration locksup your machine, you can just reboot to get back to a workingconfiguration.
If you have a machine that supports hardware virtualisation, you canalso test the new configuration in a sandbox by building and running aQEMU virtual machine that contains the desired configuration. Just do
The VM does not have any data from your host system, so your existinguser accounts and home directories will not be available unless you haveset mutableUsers = false. Another way is to temporarily add thefollowing to your configuration:
Important: delete the $hostname.qcow2 file if you have started thevirtual machine at least once without the right users, otherwise thechanges will not get picked up. You can forward ports on the host to theguest. For instance, the following will forward host port 2222 to guestport 22 (SSH):
Stable channels, such as nixos-23.11.These only get conservative bug fixes and package upgrades. Forinstance, a channel update may cause the Linux kernel on your systemto be upgraded from 4.19.34 to 4.19.38 (a minor bug fix), but notfrom 4.19.x to 4.20.x (a major change that has the potential to break things).Stable channels are generally maintained until the next stablebranch is created.
This enables a periodically executed systemd service namednixos-upgrade.service. If the allowReboot option is false, it runsnixos-rebuild switch --upgrade to upgrade NixOS to the latest versionin the current channel. (To see when the service runs, see systemctl list-timers.)If allowReboot is true, then the system will automatically reboot ifthe new generation contains a different kernel, initrd or kernelmodules. You can also specify a channel explicitly, e.g.
For example, to build the GNOME graphical installer ISO, but with support forcertain WiFi adapters present in some MacBooks, you can create the followingfile at modules/installer/cd-dvd/installation-cd-graphical-gnome-macbook.nix:
You can define a partition that only contains the Nix store and then mount itunder /nix/store. Because the /nix/store part of the paths is alreadydetermined by the mount point, you have to set stripNixStorePrefix = true; sothat the prefix is stripped from the paths before copying them into the image.
The generation based update mechanism of NixOS is not suited for appliances.Updates of appliances are usually either performed by replacing the entireimage with a new one or by updating partitions via an A/B scheme. See theChrome OS update process for an example of how to achievethis. The appliance image built in the following example does not contain aconfiguration.nix and thus you will not be able to call nixos-rebuild fromthis system. Furthermore, it uses a Unified Kernel Image.
This chapter describes how to configure various aspects of a NixOS machine through the configuration file /etc/nixos/configuration.nix. As described in Changing the Configuration, changes to this file only take effect after you run nixos-rebuild.
The first line ( config, pkgs, ... :) denotes that this is actuallya function that takes at least the two arguments config and pkgs.(These are explained later, in chapter Writing NixOS Modules) Thefunction returns a set of option definitions ( ... ).These definitions have the form name = value, where name is thename of an option and value is its value. For example,
Sets can be nested, and in fact dots in option names are shorthand fordefining a set containing another set. For instance,services.httpd.enable defines a set namedservices that contains a set named httpd, which in turn contains anoption definition named enable with value true. This means that theexample above can also be written as:
Likewise, values in option definitions must have a correct type. Forinstance, services.httpd.enable must be a Boolean (true or false).Trying to give it a value of another type, such as a string, will causean error:
The main difference is that it strips from each line a number ofspaces equal to the minimal indentation of the string as a whole(disregarding the indentation of empty lines), and that characterslike " and \ are not special (making it more convenient forincluding things like shell code). See more info about this in theNix manual here.
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