Not aware of any documented way within Vega to get the generated tick positions.
However, Vega uses d3.js and it is possible to use d3.js in javascript to get an array of tick positions:
Here is an example for linear scale. Note that d3.js may not create the exact number of ticks you request.
Javascript for d3.js v3 (Vega 2)
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var myScale = d3.scale.linear(); // Note: d3.scaleLinear() for d3.js v4 (Vega 3)
myScale.domain([0, 250]);
var myTicksCount = 5;
var myAxis = d3.svg.axis().scale(myScale).orient("bottom").ticks(myTicksCount);
var myTicksArray = myAxis.scale().ticks(myAxis.ticks()[0]);
myTicksCount = myTicksArray.length;
console.log(JSON.stringify(myTicksArray)); // [0,50,100,150,200,250]
console.log(myTicksCount); // 6