A forum post suggests that Windows 10 is now able to find the right driver for the Serial port on the Optipex 780 if you go to device manager and ask it to search for an appropriate driver.
The request was for the ultra small form factor (USFF) version of the machine but the underlying hardware seems to be the same as the minitower, desktop, and small form factor versions, according to the dell technical manual for the 780.
Also, the windows 1709 (fall creaters update) and 1803 (April 2018 update) were released after that success and might already include the right serial drivers in the install process.
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-hardware-winpc/dell-optiplex-780-usff-serial-port/ceb2a99b-f6c2-4748-8df0-19ab69c8c793
If not you have the option of using a USB to Serial as Jeff suggested or to install a serial port adapter if you have free PCI or PCIe slot (or can make one by removing PCI modem card).
It probably will not matter for your specific application but a built in or PCI/PCIe serial port is superior to a USB to serial adapter, especially for firmware downloads, embedded device development, programming certain LMRS radios, etc. The bugs in USB to serial adapters do not play well with the limitations in some pre-USB era serial devices.