VMware is equivalent to VirtualBox, they're both virtualisation software that vagrant can work with.
VMware's shared folder support is supposedly a little faster than VirtualBox's, so some improvement, but it still sucks.
NFS (Network File System) is an ancient unix network file system protocol, so unix based host OS like Linux and OSX can use and NFS server to share folders/files with any guest that can mount an NFS share. Windows isn't Unix, so that's no help to you unless you're willing to swap OS :)
Have any of you Windows users looked at Samba? It's the Windows/Linux share software that springs to mind, and a quick google shows lots of posts about using it with VMware and VirtualBox. I've no idea what the performance is like having never used it. I don't think Vagrant has support for Samba though, so any automated config would have to be done with a provisioner.
HTH