Garhwali Boli Nahin Bhasha hai . Garhwali is Language and not Dialect
bhishma kukreti
Garhwali Literature
Garhwali is Language and not Dialect
(Review of Garhwali Bhasha Hai Boli Nahin , a Book by Dr Nandkishor Dhoundiyal )
Bhishma Kukreti
From the time Grison and Suniti Kumar Chatterji wrote about comments of garhwali language, there has been debate that whether Garhwali, Kumaoni, Himachali are languages or dialects of Hindi. The non-Garhwali and Garhwali Hindi lovers of did harm to Garhwali by stating that Garhwali is dialects of Hindi (Hindi ki boli ya upboli) Hindi never been a language of any Kingdom before independence but Garhwali had been the state language of Garhwal kingdom from the time the kingdom came in existence in Garhwal. There is no doubt that as happened with the development of other language, the old Garhwali took many shapes and shades with the time for becoming today’s Garhwali. The eminent scholar of Hindi and Garhwali Dr Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal logically proved that Garhwali is a language and not dialect as wrongly perceived by not only common men but linguistic scholars too in his recently published book Garhwali Bhasha Hai Boli Nahin .
A web site (1) defines the characteristics of language as “ language is a system: it has different linguistic levels (phonological, related to phonemes, intonation and rhythm; lexical semantic, which have to do with lexis, that is, the words, and their meaning (semantics); syntactical, that is, the rules of grammar; discourse, written language; conversation, that is, the characteristics of spoken discourse (turn-taking, use of words, etc.); sociolinguistic (social factors, such as educational level, age, ethnic, sex, etc.).” The same web site further states that the language is always dynamic and changes continuously even the meaning of word may change from one generation to second generation. The sociolect language means language social variation vary depending upon the class of speaker and same way the language of each speaker varies (voice quality, pitch, speech rhythm) .
Wikipedia (Ref-2) states that spoken language is ten thousand is ten thousand years predate than the written language .
Dr Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal provided evidences from the above unversal norms of a language that Garhwali is a language and not the dialects as wrongly perceived by those scholars who never tried to study the characteristics of Garhwali language and the history of Garhwal.
Learned scholar Dr Dhoundiyal accuses in ’Garhwali ek bhasha hai boli nahin’ chapter that those Garhwali writers who write in Hindi and these writers never provide any importance to their mother tongue because these Garhwali (Hindi creative writer ) foolishly state that Garhwali is dialects of Hindi . Dhoundiyal proved that Hindi was never been language before 1850 0r so.
Dr Dhoundiyal also supports the theory of dr Chatak that the origin of Garhwali language is Shursheni Apbhransh. It means Garhwali is originated from Sanskrit. Dr Nand Kishor proves brilliantly that Garhwali language is much richer than Hindi in terms of confusion less grammar.
Dr Dhoundiyal presents the quote of another brilliant scholar Dr Pitamber Datt Barthwal that Garhwali language has the capacity to convert any foreign words for making that foreign word as original Garhwali word as Khud word of Urdu became very original Garhwali word, which means emotional memorizing/remembrance of the beloved one . Dr Dhoundiyal also provides the logical proofs provided by Dr Babulakar, Dr haridatt Bhatt Shailesh, Dr Guna Nand Juyal and Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna that Garhwali is a language and not a dialect. .
Samridh Sahitya or Rich Literature
Dr Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal divides the chapter Samridh Sahitya (Rich Literature ) into two parts I.e. Folk Literature (Lok Sahitya ) and Modern Literature (Maulik Sahitya)
Folk Literature
The language expert Dr Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal under whom more than ten researchers got Ph D degree from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Garhwali language related subject briefed the readers about rich Folk Garhwali literature . He classified folk literature into Lok Geet (Folk Songs), Lok Gathayen (Folklores), Folk Stories, Lokoktiyan Sayings) , Lok Muhavare (Folk Proverbs and Idioms) Lok Paheliyan (Folk Puzzles) Lok Vartayen (Folk Philosophical and Spiritual Literature ), Lok Mantra ( Hocus-pocus Literature ) . Dr Dhoundiyal divided each above title into various sub subjects. His detailing proves that Garhwali language is one of the richest language in the world in terms of folk literature. The readers can judge the richness that there are thirteen thousands proverbs and idioms in Garhwali language.
Modern literature
Dr Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal provided us details of modern Garhwali literature created by modern literature creative from 1900. Dhoundiyal lists the details of modern Garhwali poetry, prose, drama and other literature such as translation of Sanskrit classics in Garhwali language by eminent Garhwali creative. Here too, Nand Kishor divides Garhwali the modern literature according to time frame and names them as Garhwali era, Panthari era, Singh era etc.
Script
Devnagari is the script for Garhwali language . However, Dr Dhoundiyal had been suggesting separate script for Garhwali language. However, most of the learned personalities of Garhwali literature do not agree with Dr Dhoundiyal that Garhwali needs separate script. T
Characteristics of Garhwali Words
Dr Dhoundiyal lists the different types of words found in Garhwali language as words from Prakrit, Sanskrit, Vedas, Pali, Urdu, Marathi, Gujrati, Rajashthani, and foreign languages specially form English .
Garhwali as State Language
Nand Kishor Dhoundiyal provided many proofs about Garhwali being a state language of sovereign Garhwali kingdom for more than fifteen hundred years.
The subject is not new but Dr Dhoundiyal integrated all the subject in one book for proving that Garhwali is a language and not dialects and Dhoundiyal is successful in proving the richness of Garhwali language
All praises for Dr Dhoundiyal for bringing such useful book.
Garhwali Bhasha hai Boli Nahin
Binsar Publishing Company
First Floor
120 Dispensary Road
Dehradun -248001, Uttarakhand
Telephone 0135-3294463
Reference :
1-
What are the characteristics of language ? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070607041815AAM2LTF2- Language ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language
--
Dhanyabad
Regards
Bhishma Kukreti
Gadwall'o Kukareithi
Phonology[edit]
There are a lot of differences with Hindi, & other Indic languages. for example in the palatal approximant /j/, or the presence of a retroflex lateral /ɭ/.[citation needed] also presence of allophones make the language different than others.
Phone or Phoneme[edit]
Vowel[edit]
Monophonic[edit]
There are 14 possible mono-phone or Monophonic vowels are found in Garhwali language. The 13 vowels are founded by Anoop Chandra Chandola, the remainingOpen-mid back unrounded vowel ʌ is also common in standard & other dialects of Garhwali, but Non-Garhwali people catch this as आ of Hindustani language. Howeverआ is different sound in Garhwali.
Diphthongs[edit]
| Diphthongs (IPA) | Example (IPA) | Glos |
|---|---|---|
| उइ /ui/ | कुइ /kui/ | anybody |
| इउ /iu/ | जिउ /ʤiu/ | Heart, mind |
| आइ /ai/ | बकाइ /bəkai/ | After-all, besides |
| अइ /əi/ | बकइ /bəkəi/ | Balance |
| आउ /au/ | बचाउ /bətʃau/ | Save (verb) |
| अउ /əu/ | बचउ /bətʃəu/ | Safty |
Consonants[edit]
Tenuis consonant[edit]
| Alphabet /<IPA alternate>/ | Phoneme /<IPA alternate>/ | Phonemic category | Example /<IPA Alternate>/ (<Description>) | Hindustani language alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| क /kə/ | क् /k/ | voiceless velar stop or voiceless velar plosive | कळ्यो /kaɭyo/ (Literary meaning:- Breakfast) | नाश्ता, कलेवा |
| ग /gə/ | ग् /g/ | voiced uvular stop or voiced uvular plosive | गरु /gərʊ/ (Literary meaning:- Heavy weight) | भारी |
| च /tʃə/ | च् /tʃ/ | voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate | चिटु /tʃiʈɔ/ (Literary meaning:- White; masculine) | सफ़ेद, श्वेत |
| ज /ʤə/ | ज् /ʤ/ | voiced alveolar sibilant affricate | ज्वनि /ʤɯni/ (Literary meaning:- Youngage) | जवानी, यौवन |
| ट /ʈə/ | ट् /ʈ/ | voiceless retroflex stop | टिपुण् /ʈɨpɯɳ/ (Literary meaning:- to pick; a verb) | चुगना, उठाना |
| ड /ɖə/ | ड् /ɖ/ | voiced retroflex stop | डाळु /ɖɔɭʊ/ (standard) or /ɖaɭʊ/ (in some southern dialects),(Literary meaning:- Tree) | डाल, पेड़, वृक्ष |
| त /tə/ | त् /t/ | voiceless alveolar stop | तिमुळ /tɨmɯɭ/ ,(Literary meaning:- Moraceae or Fig; a fruit) | अञ्जीर/अंजीर |
| द /də/ | द् /d/ | voiced alveolar stop | देस /deç/ ,(Literary meaning:- Foreign) [don't be confused with देस /des/; meaning "country" borrowed from Hindustani] | विदेश, परदेस, बाहरला-देस |
| प /pə/ | प् /p/ | voiceless bilabial stop | पुङ्गुड़ु /pʊŋuɽ, (Literary Meaning:- Farm or Field) | खेत or कृषि-भुमि |
| ब /bə/ | ब् /b/ | voiced bilabial stop | बाच /batʃə, (Literary Meaning:- Toungue, Phrasal & other meaning:- Voice) | जीभ, जुबान, आवाज़ |
| ल /lə/ | ल् /l/ | dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants | लाटु /lʌʈɔ/ (Literary meaning:- idiot or mad or psycho; when used in anger. insane; when used in pity or love) | झल्ला, पागल |
| ळ /ɭə/ | ळ् /ɭ/ | retroflex lateral approximant | गढ़वाळ् /gəɖwɔɭ/ (Literary meaning:- One who holds forts,Generally used for the land of Garhwallis People,or Garhwal) | गढ़वाल |
| य /jə/ | य् /j/ | Palatal approximant | यार /jar/ (Literary meaning:- Friend, commonly used as vocative word) | यार |
| व /wə/ | व् /w/ | Voiced labio-velar approximant | बिस्वास /biswɔs/ (Literary meaning: Faith) | विश्वास, भरोसा |
| म /mə/ | म् /m/ | bilabial nasal | मुसु /mʊs/ (Literary meaning: Mouse) | मूषक, चुहा |
| न /nə/ | न् /n/ | alveolar nasal | निकम् /nɨkəm/ (Literary meaning:- Useless, Worthless) | बेकार, व्यर्थ |
| ण /ɳə/ | ण् /ɳ/ | retroflex nasal | पाणि /pæɳ/ (Literary meaning:- Water) | पानी |
| ङ /ɳə/ | ङ् /ɳ/ | velar nasal | सोङ्ग or स्वाङ्ग /sɔɳ/ (Literary meaning:- Easy) | सरल, आसान |
| ञ /ɲə/ | ञ् /ɲ/ | palatal nasal | फञ्चु /pʰəɲtʃɔ/ (Literary meaning:- Bundle or Bunch) | पोटली |
Aspirated consonants[edit]
य्, र्, ल्, ळ्, व्, स् and nasal consonants (म्, न्, ञ्, ङ्, ण्) have no aspirated consonantal sound.
| Alphabet /<IPA alternate>/ | Phoneme /<IPA alternate>/ | Example /<IPA alternate>/ (<Description>) | Hindustani language alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|
| ख /kʰə/ | ख् /kʰ/ | खार्यु /kʰɔryʊ/ (Literary meaning:- Enough, Sufficient) | नीरा, पर्याप्त, खासा |
| घ /gʰə/ | घ् /gʃʰ/ | घंघतौळ /gʰɔŋgtoɭə/ (Literary meaning:- Confusion) | ओलती, छज्जा |
| छ /tʃʰə/ | छ् /tʃʰ/ | छज्जा /tʃʰəʤə/ (Literary meaning:- Balcony,Gallery) | ओलती, छज्जा |
| झ /dʒʰə/ | झ् /dʒʰ/ | झसक्याण /dʒʰəskæɳ/ (Literary meaning:- to be scared) | डर जाना |
| थ /tʰə/ | थ् /tʰ/ | थुँथुरु /tʰɯ~tʊr/ (Literary meaning: Chin) | ठोड़ी |
| ध /dʰə/ | ध् /dʰ/ | धागु /dʰɔgʊ/ (Literary meaning: Tag or thread) | धागा |
| ठ /ʈʰə/ | ठ् /ʈʰ/ | ठुङ्गार /ʈʰɯɳʌr/ (Literary meaning: Snacks) | स्नैक्स्, नमकीन |
| ढ /ɖʰə/ | ढ् /ɖʰ/ | ढिकणु /ɖʰikəɳʊ/ (Literary meaning: Coverlet) | ओढने की चादर |
| फ /pʰə/ | फ् /pʰ/ | फुकाण /pʰʊkaɳ/ (Literary meaning:- Destruction) | नाश |
| भ /bʰə/ | भ् /bʰ/ | भौळ or भ्वळ /bʰɔɭə/ (Literary meaning:- Tomorrow) | कल (आने वाला) |
Allophone[edit]
The Garhwali speakers are most familiar with allophone in Garhwali language. Like फ (IPA /pʰ/) is used as फ in the word फूळ (IPA /pʰu:ɭ/ English: flower) but pronounced as प (IPA /p/) in the word सफेद (IPA /səpet/, English: "white").
Allophone into aspirated consonant[edit]
Conversion to tenuis consonant[edit]
Almost every aspirated consonant has allophonic characteristic. Each aspirated consonant converts into its original tenuis consonant.
| Alphabet /IPA/ | Phoneme /IPA/ | Allophone /IPA/ | Example /IPA/ (Description) | Hindustani language alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ख /kʰə/ | ख् /kʰ/ | क् /k/ | उखरेण /ukreɳ/ (Literary meaning:- pass away or die) | गुजर जाना |
| घ /gʰə/ | घ् /gʰ/ | ग् /g/ | उघड़ण /ugəɽɳ/ (Literary meaning:- to open or to release) | खोलना, विमोचन |
| थ /tʰə/ | थ् /tʰ/ | त् /t/ | थुँथुरु /tʰɯ~tʊr/ (Literary meaning:- Chin) | ठोड़ी |
| फ /pʰə/ | फ् /pʰ/ | प् /p/ | उफरण /upə:ɳ/ (Literary meaning:- to unbind or to undo or to unlace) | खोलना, विमोचन (बंधी हुइ चीज़ को खोलना) |
Allophone of छ[edit]
| Alphabet /<IPA alternate>/ | Phoneme /<IPA Alternate>/ | Allophone | Example /<IPA Alternate>/ (<Description>) | Hindustani Language Alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| छ /tʃʰə/ | छ् /tʃʰ/ | स़् /ç/ | छन्नी /çə:ni/ (Literary meaning:- Shed; but used specially for cattle-shed, some southern dialects sometime use छ as an pure phonem so words like छन्नी pronounced as छन्नी or as स़न्नी) | छावनी,पशु-शाला |
| छ /tʃʰə/ | छ् /tʃʰ/ | च़् /c/ | छ्वाड़ /cɔɽ/ (Literary meaning:- Bank, Side) | छोर, किनारा |
Allophone into tenuis consonant[edit]
Conversion from voiced to voiceless consonant[edit]
Few of tenuis consonants have allophonic behavior. That voiced consonants converts itself into its original voiceless consonant.
| Alphabet /<IPA alternate>/ | Phoneme /<IPA Alternate>/ | Allophone | Phonemic Catagory of Allophone | Example /<IPA Alternate>/ (<Description>) | Hindustani Language Alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ग /gə/ | ग् /g/ | क् /k/ | voiceless velar stop | कथुग /kətuk/ ,(Literary meaning:- How much) | कितना |
| द /də/ | द् /d/ | त् /t/ | voiceless alveolar sto | सफेद /səpet/ ,(Literary meaning:- White) | सफेद |
| ड् /ɖə/ | ड् /ɖ/ | ट् /ʈ/ | voiceless alveolar sto | परचण्ड /pərətʃəɳʈ/ ,(Literary meaning:- fierce) | प्रचण्ड |
| ब /bə/ | ब् /b/ | प् /p/ | voiceless bilabial stop | खरा'ब /kʰərap/ ,(Literary meaning:- Defective) | खराब |
Other allophone[edit]
| Alphabet /<IPA alternate>/ | Phoneme /<IPA alternate>/ | Allophone | Phonemic category of allophone | Example /<IPA alternate>/ (<Description>) | Hindustani language alternate of the word |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ज /ʤə/ | ज् /ʤ/ | य़् /j/ | voiced palatal approximant | जुग्गा /jɯggə/ ,(Literary meaning:- Able) | योग्य, क़ाबिल |
| स /sə/ | स् /s/ | स़् /ç/ | voiceless palatal fricative | (a) सि /çɨ/ (Literary meaning:- This), (b) देस /deç/ (Literary meaning:- Foreign) | (a) यह (b)बाहरला-देस, परदेस |
| च /tʃə/ | च् /tʃ/ | च़् /c/ | voiceless palatal stop | चाप /capə/ (Literary meaning:- Anger) | कोप, गुस्सा |
In grammatical numbers[edit]
| Singular (written) /IPA/ | Singular (spoken) | Plural (written and spoken) |
|---|---|---|
| किताब /kitʌb/ | किताप /kitʌp/ | कितबि /kitəbi/ |
| जुराब /ʤurʌb/ | जुराप /ʤurʌp/ | जुरबि /ʤurəbi/ |