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Cheryl Frumes
I would like to thank Amberley Publishing for sending me a copy of this book. I was looking forward to learning about the Mercians and why their stories are significant in Anglo-Saxon England. My knowledge about this kingdom is minutiae, although I know some famous figures, including Lady Godiva, Penda, and Aethelflaed, from other books written by Whitehead.
"Kingdom Rise Kingdom Fall" by Wailing Souls is a protest song that addresses the social and economic issues faced by the people under a corrupt ruling power, often referred to as Babylon. The repetition of "Kingdom rise an' kingdom fall" and "Babylon back is against the wall" emphasizes the cycle of rise and fall that occurs within these oppressive systems.
Overall, "Kingdom Rise Kingdom Fall" serves as a call for justice and change. It portrays Babylon as a failing kingdom, with the people longing for a solution, for the oppressive system to fall. The song encourages unity among the oppressed to overthrow the corrupt power structures and regain their freedom.
Climate changes and its influences on human society are of increasing concern in science communities. Based on the reconstructed climate data and CENTURY model, we simulated net primary productivity of grassland and the grain yield of highland barley during the pre-industrial millennium in Ali Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region. It showed that the variation of precipitation and temperature together affected the fluctuation of land productivity. Wavelet analysis results showed that the land productivity in Ali fluctuated within main periodic bands of 180 yr. We found that the rise and falls of the Guge Kingdom in Ali was synchronic with the fluctuation of land productivity, and the collapse of the Guge Kingdom was obviously related to the sudden change of climate in the 17th century, which turned dry and cold. By combining with historical studies, this study further proposes the mechanism of land productivity fluctuation under climate change on Guge Kingdom. Our findings are helpful to understand the relationship between climate change and social vulnerability, especially providing a typical case study of ancient plateau countries.
At present, there have been a large number of studies on the impact of climate change on social development in the pre-industrial era. These studies suggested links between climate change and social conflict, civilisational decline, and population (Zhang et al 2010, Wei et al 2015, Nooren et al 2018, Liu and Yan 2020, Ljungqvist et al 2021, Kennett et al 2022). Because of the sensitivity of plateau ecosystem to climate change (Yu et al 2010), plateau civilizations might be more significantly affected by climate change. For example, the Mayan civilization withstood the environmental change better in lowland than highland (Lee and Zhang 2013). Pollen evidence from lake sediments suggested that periodic climatic changes may have contributed to the rise and fall of the Tubo civilization in the southern Tibetan Plateau (Li et al 2021).
Guge Kingdom was an ancient country on the Tibetan Plateau from the 10th century to the 17th century. It was roughly located in today's Ali Prefecture, and its core area was in Zanda County. In recent years, paleoclimatologists found that there may be a relationship between climate change and the collapse of the Guge Kingdom (Sinha et al 2015, Li et al 2019, Liang et al 2022). Stalagmites in northern India was pointed out that the Indian monsoon weakened in the first half of the 17th century, which brought serious drought to the western Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and the researchers speculated that drought was an important reason for the demise of Guge Kingdom (Sinha et al 2015). The evidence of multi-proxy indicators of sediment in Xiada Co in the west of Tibetan Plateau showed that the runoff in the catchment area was low during 320 yr BP and intense evaporation process occurred, so it was speculated that drought triggered war and conflict and led to the collapse of Guge Kingdom (Li et al 2019). A lake sediment suggested that a decline in temperature led to a decreased barley's crop yield that may have factored into the disappearance of the Guge Kingdom. (Liang et al 2022). However, these studies only made assumptions about the relationship between climate change and the rise and fall of the Guge Kingdom, and had not analyzed how climate changes affected social mechanisms and eventually promoted or led to the collapse of the Guge Kingdom.
Figure 7. The relationship between the history of Guge and the land production fluctuation. The light-yellow shading corresponds to the entire history of Guge Kingdom (Luciano and Zhang 2012). The red labels correspond to the main historical events which showed the rises of Guge (Luciano and Zhang 2012, Huang 2021). The blue labels correspond to the main historical events which showed the falls of Guge (Luciano and Zhang 2012, Huang 2016a, 2016b). The MWP (the Medieval Warm Period) and LIA (the Little Ice Age) represent the typical climate period (Sun et al, 2020).
Comparing the rise and fall process of Guge Kingdom with the simulation results of land productivity indicated by grassland NPP and farmland grain yield, we further analyzed the synchronic phenomenon (table 1). During the four crest periods, Guge Kingdom experienced historical events such as the territory expansion and Buddhism dissemination. During the four trough periods, Guge Kingdom experienced historical events such as division, nomadic invasion, and kingdom collapse. It could be found that in different historical periods, there was a significant synchronic phenomenon between the simulation results of land productivity in Ali and the rises and falls of Guge Kingdom. Unfortunately, due to the lack of historical documents, this study was unable to obtain quantitative economic and social data to further analyze the mathematical relationship between them.
When the climate changed from dry and cold to wet and warm, land productivity in Ali recovered and grew. The kingdom of Guge, with a larger population and greater strength, was revived. On the one hand, the king expanded outward, fighting the nomads and controlling the surrounding valleys and plateaus; On the other hand, Buddhism was promoted and temples were built to gain the support of religious forces (figure 8; Luciano and Zhang 2012, Huang 2016a, 2021; the detailed historical documents are given in Text S1). With the periodic change of climate, Guge kingdom also experienced constant cycles of rise and falls.
Due to the sensitivity and vulnerability of plateau vegetation to climate change, grassland degradation and farmland yield declined when the climate turn to cold and dry. This led to widespread famine and the escape of serfs. The loss of the bottom population and the decline of land productivity brought about the feudal economic crisis of the manor, which shook the ruling foundation of the Guge Kingdom (figure 8; Huang 2012; Huang 2016a; a detailed historical is given in Text S2). A similar mechanism also occurred in the collapse of the Tubo Kingdom in the late 9th century (Li et al 2021). The religious reforms were measures taken to respond a similar situation in which the ruling foundation was shaken, further intensified social contradictions and maybe accelerated the collapse of the kingdom. The shaking of the ruling foundation also made the number of troops that the royal family could recruit seriously insufficient, unable to resist the invasion of the Ladakh Kingdom army as in the past. This historical process of decline due to domestic and foreign aggression was very similar to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in the same period (Zheng et al 2014, Liu et al 2018).
This study found that the farmland crop yield and grassland NPP in Ali change dramatically with the climate change in precipitation and temperature, and this change presents a period of 180 yr. This was similar to the rise and falls of religion and the war cycles of invasion in the Guge Kingdom. At the same time, the change of land productivity in Ali and the rise and fall of the Guge Kingdom had a synchronic phenomenon: when the land productivity rose, the social stability and religious development of the Guge Kingdom; when land productivity declined, the Guge Kingdom was invaded by foreign enemies and religion declined. Based on the investigation of historical documents, this study believed that the periodic decline of land productivity had affected the population of the Guge Kingdom, thus shaking the manor and temple economy, weakening the national strength of the Guge Kingdom and bringing about the contradiction between royal and religious forces, resulting in the decline of the national strength of the Guge Kingdom and foreign invasion. As a plateau Kingdom, the Guge Kingdom was more sensitive to climate change, which led to its final collapse in the global crisis of the 17th century.
Nebuchadnezzar has dreamt of a great statue, with a head of gold, a torso of silver, thighs of bronze, legs of iron, and feet of iron and clay. These all, Daniel explains, represent kingdoms that will rise to rule the earth. However, in the end, God will set up a new kingdom that will crush all of these kingdoms. This new kingdom of God will stand forever, like a great mountain, covering the earth.
The Hashemite Kingdom of the Hijaz in Arabia, played a crucial role in modern Middle Eastern history from its founding in 1916 until its demise in 1925. It was the first Arab country to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire, and it's rulers led the Arab Revolt of "Lawrence of Arabia" fame. The holy cities of Mecca and Medina flourished under its control and it was praised as a model of justice and a beacon of hope for the Muslim world. Yet for all its significance, the Kingdom has received little attention from historians.
In The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom we learn how the Hijaz wrested its independence from the Ottoman Empire in the storied "Revolt in the Desert" and was celebrated by journalists and world leaders alike. But Teitlebaum is most concerned with the state's ultimate failure Using original sources, he shows how the kingdom was plagued by civil conflict between the Hashemite rulers (the ancestors of the current king of Jordan) and the influential Saudi family, and subject to the whims of Britain and the great powers of Europe.
In engaging prose, Teitelbaum tells a story of revolt, civil war, colonialism, political Islam, and revolutionary misrule that mirrors conflicts in the Middle East of today.