What Makes a Great Teacher?
For years, the secrets to great teaching have seemed more like alchemy than science, a mix of motivational mumbo jumbo and misty-eyed tales of inspiration and dedication. But for more than a decade, one organization has been tracking hundreds of thousands of kids, and looking at why some teachers can move them three grade levels ahead in a year and others can’t. Now, as the Obama administration offers states more than $4 billion to identify and cultivate effective teachers, Teach for America is ready to release its data.
By AMANDA RIPLEY
ON AUGUST 25, 2008, two little boys walked into public elementary schools in Southeast Washington, D.C. Both boys were African American fifth-graders. The previous spring, both had tested below grade level in math.
One walked into Kimball Elementary School and climbed the stairs to Mr. William Taylor’s math classroom, a tidy, powder-blue space in which neither the clocks nor most of the electrical outlets worked.
The other walked into a very similar classroom a mile away at Plummer Elementary School. In both schools, more than 80 percent of the children received free or reduced-price lunches. At night, all the children went home to the same urban ecosystem, a ZIP code in which almost a quarter of the families lived below the poverty line and a police district in which somebody was murdered every week or so
At the end of the school year, both little boys took the same standardized test given at all D.C. public schools—not a perfect test of their learning, to be sure, but a relatively objective one (and, it’s worth noting, not a very hard one).
After a year in Mr. Taylor’s class, the first little boy’s scores went up—way up. He had started below grade level and finished above. On average, his classmates’ scores rose about 13 points—which is almost 10 points more than fifth-graders with similar incoming test scores achieved in other low-income D.C. schools that year. On that first day of school, only 40 percent of Mr. Taylor’s students were doing math at grade level. By the end of the year, 90 percent were at or above grade level.
As for the other boy? Well, he ended the year the same way he’d started it—below grade level. In fact, only a quarter of the fifth-graders at Plummer finished the year at grade level in math—despite having started off at about the same level as Mr. Taylor’s class down the road.
This tale of two boys, and of the millions of kids just like them, embodies the most stunning finding to come out of education research in the past decade: more than any other variable in education—more than schools or curriculum—teachers matter. Put concretely, if Mr. Taylor’s student continued to learn at the same level for a few more years, his test scores would be no different from those of his more affluent peers in Northwest D.C. And if these two boys were to keep their respective teachers for three years, their lives would likely diverge forever. By high school, the compounded effects of the strong teacher—or the weak one—would become too great.
Parents have always worried about where to send their children to school; but the school, statistically speaking, does not matter as much as which adult stands in front of their children. Teacher quality tends to vary more within schools—even supposedly good schools—than among schools.
But we have never identified excellent teachers in any reliable, objective way. Instead, we tend to ascribe their gifts to some mystical quality that we can recognize and revere—but not replicate. The great teacher serves as a hero but never, ironically, as a lesson.
At last, though, the research about teachers’ impact has become too overwhelming to ignore. Over the past year, President Barack Obama and his education secretary, Arne Duncan, have started talking quite a lot about great teaching. They have shifted the conversation from school accountability— the rather worn theme of No Child Left Behind, President George W. Bush’s landmark educational reform—to teacher accountability. And they have done it using one very effective conversational gambit: billions of dollars.
Thanks to the stimulus bonanza, Duncan has lucked into a budget that is more than double what a normal education secretary gets to spend. As a result, he has been able to dedicate $4.3 billion to a program he calls Race to the Top. To be fair, that’s still just a tiny fraction of the roughly $100 billion in his budget (much of which the government direct-deposits into the bank accounts of schools, whether they deserve the money or not). But especially in a year when states are projecting $16 billion in school-budget shortfalls, $4.3 billion is real money. “This is the big bang of teacher-effectiveness reform,” says Timothy Daly, president of the New Teacher Project, a nonprofit that helps schools recruit good teachers. “It’s huge.”
Despite the perky name, Race to the Top is a marathon—and a potentially grueling one; to win, states must take a series of steps that are considered radical in the see-no-evil world of education, where teachers unions have long fought efforts to measure teacher performance based on student test scores and link the data to teacher pay. States must try to identify great teachers, figure out how they got that way, and then create more of them. “This is the wave of the future. This is where we have to go—to look at what’s working and what’s not,” Duncan told me. “It sounds like common sense, but it’s revolutionary.”
Based on his students’ test scores, Mr. Taylor ranks among the top 5 percent of all D.C. math teachers. He’s entertaining, but he’s not a born performer. He’s well prepared, but he’s been a teacher for only three years. He cares about his kids, but so do a lot of his underperforming peers. What’s he doing differently?
One outfit in America has been systematically pursuing this mystery for more than a decade—tracking hundreds of thousands of kids, and analyzing why some teachers can move those kids three grade levels ahead in one year and others can’t. That organization, interestingly, is not a school district.
Teach for America, a nonprofit that recruits college graduates to spend two years teaching in low-income schools, began outside the educational establishment and has largely remained there. For years, it has been whittling away at its own assumptions, testing its hypotheses, and refining its hiring and training. Over time, it has built an unusual laboratory: almost half a million American children are being taught by Teach for America teachers this year, and the organization tracks test-score data, linked to each teacher, for 85 percent to 90 percent of those kids. Almost all of those students are poor and African American or Latino. And Teach for America keeps an unusual amount of data about its 7,300 teachers—a pool almost twice the size of the D.C. system’s teacher corps.
Until now, Teach for America has kept its investigation largely to itself. But for this story, the organization allowed me access to 20 years of experimentation, studded by trial and error. The results are specific and surprising. Things that you might think would help a new teacher achieve success in a poor school—like prior experience working in a low-income neighborhood—don’t seem to matter. Other things that may sound trifling—like a teacher’s extracurricular accomplishments in college—tend to predict greatness.
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With all due respect for Teach for America, there is good reason why states established Teacher Preparation Programs. As a Program Coordinator over a Secondary Social Studies program and former Director over Secondary Education for my university, I would argue there is less alchemy than science in becoming and being a good teacher. The stories of inspiration that were shared over the past two days always rank high in our minds. We would all like to think that we are the best and the brightest in education and that we each make a real difference. Of course we all do reach some students and not others, that is reality. While some people have made some short term impressions through Teach for America, it is those who stay for the long haul and continue to work to build their teaching skills and stay up with content, methods and strategies to support effective learning that deserve our unqualified respect. In my role as a teacher educator, my philosophy is based on the need to be “other” focused, i.e. how can I facilitate learning, what do the students have and how can I use it to best support their learning experience, how do the methods and content in my class align with their learning styles and how student centered are these methods, am I teaching the students “how to learn” so they are empowered to develop their potentials?
I always caution teacher candidates to NOT assume that because a student is poor that they are not aware or do not have ambition. This kind of “savior” mentality is appalling to me. I have taught in “at risk” buildings and it is the students in the end who assess the success of any teacher. If a teacher is not viewed as a supporter and facilitator, i.e. setting meaningful standards and identifying and using appropriate resources and strategies, then the students will pick up on this and they will respond in kind. To be an effective, long term facilitator of learning, it takes immense content, methods, and child development knowledge. That is why state governments have content and skill standards for teachers and why there are national organizations that review and revise content area standards on a regular basis. It is also why Continued Education is mandatory for school teachers. Yes, unfortunately there are teachers who just slide through in any bureaucracy, but overall the regulations and requirements protect our students from misinformed or misguided individuals who may see themselves as the “savior” of the classroom or as merely earning a check. The goal in any teaching program (government or private) should be to train and inspire teacher candidates to be effective long term facilitators of learning.
Thanks for listening.
-Dr Jamaine Abidogun
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A very good�effort.�However, the real name that Moses was given on�Mount Sinai was "I Am Who Am".� One is allowed to render this as "I Am That Am".� Eitherr form is different from "I Am Who I Am" or "I Am That I Am".� I believe that All who care to investigate the real nature of God will come to the conclusion that God is Who Is in addition to being Who He Is.� Every thing or person is what that thing is, but it is only God Who Is What Is; the Ultimate Existence, existing by Himself!� Glorify Him.��Ifedioramma Eugene NWANA�
From: toyin adepoju <toyin....@googlemail.com>
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com
Sent: Mon, 6 December, 2010 19:16:47
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - What Makes a Great Teacher? Part I
There is nothing like a good teacher
Nothing � ��
Having surveyed some of the verbal possibilities of that humble �but sweet,rich sentence penned by Toyin Adepoju,I declare the following:
The Buddha once asked his students to summarise what he had taught them.They responded with profound statements of understanding,expressed in the sophisticated language of what would later come to be called Buddhism.
To each response he would state,in acknowledgement �of the accuracy of the student's response, something like
"To you I give my clothes", "To you I give my sandals" or "To you I give my bones".
Finally,Vimalakirti bowed,and remained "thunderously silent".
The Buddha responded
"To you, I give my marrow".
Vimalakirti,thunderously silent,has since become a staple of centuries of Buddhist art.
When Rabbi Akiva was being flayed alive by the Romans,so the story goes,he cried out one sentence,drawn out to the last of his dying breath:
"The Lord our God,the Lord is One!"
The Holy One,blessed be he,when encountered by Moses on Mount Sinai (?) and Moses �asked "what is your name? " replied�
"I am that I am"
At least in English translation
The Hindus would go further and state that the cosmos is brought into being and sustained by one word of two letters: OM
Who are we not to emulate the Holy One and the adepts such as�Vimalakirti,Akiva or even the wisdom of OM?
I congratulate you on studying with those almost legendary figures like�Jack Goody and �Kwabena Nketia.
You must be a real bukuru man,as we would say in Nigerian pidgin.
ThanksToyin
On 6 December 2010 13:03, Cornelius Hamelberg <cornelius...@gmail.com> wrote:
Toyin,
Having mentioned some �teachers �of my youth and still going back to
more than forty years ago, I am feeling quite remorseful about all the
other good and great ones that I didn't give place of honour � such as
Professor Jack B. Moore, Jack Goody, Victor Le Vine , Michael Crowder,
Kwabena Nketia, Jawa Apronti, John R. Cartwright, Miss Dolphin ( Greek
and Roman Culture), Glanville, Graham, Carter, Evans, Rev. Ferguson
who �looked like W. H. Auden, but taught essential Bishop Berkeley.
I hope that others do, but I don't quite follow your latest, here
( about Dennis Brutus etc)
Amanda Ripley's article was straightforward enough
Like a straightforward English man proceeding straightforwardly, what
I meant by �a simply stated opinion �does not have to be taken as
poetry, or as a poetic statement�, is that with reference to your
flippant �or initially ambiguous one-liner that ignited so many
learned interventions, it is not every simple, straightforward
statement that has to be subject to �literary criticism and
philosophical analysis. Should we subject very politician's oratory
(Chief Obafemi Awolowo, Sir Winston Churchill, or nutty Sarah Palin)
to that sort of analysis, it would be a very tedious project indeed
and that would leave us with precious little time to get to the heart
of any matter.
In other words we are to accept the import in what is said (even �YOUR
intention) at the superficial / surface level of everyday speech �-
- but we may ( are free to ) psychologize your motives, �honestly � or
for fun � or even with good/ evil intent, to suit our own �agenda.....
Still in the �political public realm, we have this sort of statement
which has to be disembowelled �and which I �address here: It's the
facticity and not the poeticism that �has to be addressed . According
to Wikileaks, said of our able foreign minister Carl Bildt, � �A
Medium Sized Dog with Big Dog Attitude�:
http://www.thelocal.se/blogs/corneliushamelberg/2010/12/06/tentatively-and-very-hurriedly-of-dogs-and-men/
�Consider:
�While preachers preach of evil fates
Teachers teach that knowledge waits
Can lead to hundred-dollar plates
Goodness hides behind its gates
But even the president of the United States
Sometimes must have to stand naked � ( Bob Dylan)
�Well, the Book of Leviticus and Deuteronomy
The law of the jungle and the sea are your only teachers
In the smoke of the twilight on a milk-white steed
Michelangelo indeed could�ve carved out your features
Resting in the fields, far from the turbulent space
Half asleep near the stars with a small dog licking your face � ( Bob
Dylan)
On 5 Dec, 18:07, toyin adepoju <toyin.adep...@googlemail.com> wrote:
> Cornelius,
>
> I am pleased we are on a similar page on good and possibly great
> teachers,including Abiola Irele,whom we have in common.
>
> Thanks for telling us about your excursions through �schools of thought that
> enlighten our world.It must have been wonderful.
>
> You state that your reference to goodness on this subject does "not have to
> be poetry, or a simple poetic statement".
>
> I wonder if we are together on that point.
>
> Into my mind comes Virginia Ola,responding to Dennis Brutus's
>
> "The clammy cement sucks our naked feet
>
> the still,frosty glitter of the stars
> the Southern Cross
> flowering low"
>
> exclaiming � 'even in the profound discomfort of the prison his spirit
> refuses to be crushed!'
>
> I can still recollect the emotional imprint of her response on that day,when
> the poem moved her,even though it was many years ago on the first year of my
> BA at the University of Benin.
>
> To �some people,the experience might have been a molehill. But to a person
> who will always remember the experience,it is a mountain that he continues
> to climb....
>
> *There is nothing like a good teacher.*
>
> That sense of nothingness,is that not the fecundative emptiness at the
> centre of the opon ifa,the spatio-temporal configuration at which the past
> meets the present within the armbit of eternity,as
> Orunmila,Setilu,Gbongan,Adeforose,Iyapupa,Anjantala and others from the
> unrecorded �beginning of the tradition,moving across the ages, make
> themselves present,unseen but concrete,embodied in akara ogun, the sphere of
> power, as they are called upon by the desire of the student?
>
> On self transformation,the snake that reinvents itself and yet remains the
> same,the calabash that displays the distinctiveness of its various sides
> �even as they run into one, it could be helpful to study the great Muslim
> polymaths,who, well before the European Renaissance,actualized
> the Renaissance ideal of the uomo universali,the universal man,in terms of a
> Sina<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna>> scope ,that,as far as I know,was not �realized in �Europe:Ibn
> , Omar Khayam <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayy�m>,Ibn
> Khaldun<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun>
> , Al-Ghazzali <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazali>.....
>> <corneliushamelb...@gmail.com>wrote:
> Salutations brother
>
> Toyin
>
> On 5 December 2010 12:38, Cornelius Hamelberg
>
>
>
> > Please permit me to be personal:
>
> > Wonderful Toyin,
> > Slayer of demons,
> > Champion elucidator of comparative esoterics
> > Restorer of chimps to the jungles to which they belong.
>
> > I had wanted to add, �slayer of dragons", but then again the dragon is
> > one thing in Chinaman�s lore and something else to St. George�..
>
> > Indeed, Toyin, you are not toying when you say, �There is nothing like
> > a good teacher.� In the sense in which you speak, a good teacher never
> > dies.
>
> > (During the month of June, 1981 I lived in Ahoada in Nigeria and would
> > be woken up at 5.30 every morning by someone going past my little
> > bungalow (a madman I thought) who would be shouting at the top of his
> > voice, �I am the light of the world.� �Sometimes he�d wake me up with
> > �I Am the Alpha and the Omega�. It�s only once when I got up and went
> > outside to behold the fellow that I realised that I couldn�t tell him
> > to shut up; he was doing his rounds, what he called �Morning Call� and
> > was not making any personal statements �I am the everlasting etc� but
> > only quoting from the Gospel, and calling on Nigerians to repent and
> > follow Christ�.)
>
> > Speaking of contemporary secular times, I count Mr. Bankole Thompson,
> > Mr. T. C. Deigh, Major Von Bradshaw, Michael Brunson, Professor Eldred
> > Durosimi Jones, Eustace Palmer, Derek Elders, Chief Abiola Irele,
> > Gerald Moore, Hugh Kenner, Miss Robertson, among the many good
> > teachers who taught me live and direct, once upon a time.
>
> > Thanks for wonderful examples from two traditions that are familiar �
> > the Faith of Israel and with reference to everybody�s Milarepa also
> > embraced by the Vajrayana Order (the Diamond Path) of great Karma
> > Kagyu teachers with whom I spent some years of instruction � and
> > practice.
>
> >http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/9208/jewish/Rashi.htm
>
> > Of course �there is no Torah portion that I study that is not
> > accompanied by among others, Rashi's commentary �- in fact �side by
> > side with the Stone Edition Chumash which �contains some of Rashi�s
> > commentaries, I also read �the Chumash with Rashi�s commentary �-
> > exclusively Rashi, ( edited by Rabbi A.M. Silbermann).
> > In the Chabad website the Torah portion is accompanied by Rashi�s
> > commentary which is a most essential commentary, since it was not
> > addressed only to the learned, but to everybody, what in Christian
> > parlance includes �the laity.�
>
> > You say that �Rashi, as a part time student, had made notes which he
> > studied and expounded to his sheep in his job as a shepherd because he
> > could not
> > afford full time study.�
>
> > I�m not comfortable with your shepherd - sheep metaphors. In Christian
> > parlance, be it Jesus or Pastor Adeboye, �both are �identifiable as
> > Shepherds of their sheep/ flock, �but from a Judaic point of view, and
> > here I am speaking personally � in the words of �King David which we
> > all know so well, � The Lord ( HASHEM) is my Shepherd� � we are His
> > sheep , so to speak.
>
> > I have seen but never been to the women�s section of the synagogue.
> > Good thing.
> > However at home I do have an empty chair for the Prophet Elijah��but
> > that�s another story��
>
> > It�s significant that one example you give is of an explicator of
> > Scripture (a scripture often couched in what may be apprehended as
> > poetic terms, symbolic language (The Torah = water) � even coded
> > language � giving headaches and presenting misunderstandings,
> > especially to ignoramuses and hard �hearted literalists) � and the
> > other example that you give is that of Milarepa the poet- philosopher.
>
> > I myself got into Buddhism accidentally, through literary encounters
> > with Buddhist thought, the rather pacifistic Herman Hesse, Jack
> > Kerouac (believe it or not), Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, the Naropa
> > Institute � and Zen Buddhism which ( in short) has flowered �- in my
> > opinion, mostly as a literary movement so to speak, in which poets can
> > spout reflected or unreflected profundities � have composed �a number
> > of Haikus myself : have always approached scriptural texts as poetry -
> > eventually attended retreats of the 16th �Karmapa and Kalu Rinpoche,
> > 1974-1975.
>
> > Yet �one has to be careful about accepting what we all do,
> > uncritically, some of what we accept as the profundities of Buddhist
> > philosophy in the areas described as � the void,� �ultimate reality� �
> > much of what has passed into contemporary American Literature, as
> > unexamined givens�
>
> > After your explanation that �a good teacher is incomparable�, Foday
> > Morris comes back with �If he (Toyin) had initiated the conversation,
> > say in a poem, it would have been a totally different matter.�
>
> > Ditto I suppose with �There�s nothing like a good politician� - that
> > too � that opinion does not have to be poetry, or a simple poetic
> > statement.
> > Some people are good at performing the miracle of trans-formation - of
> > making a mountain out of a molehill.
>
> > Please forgive me dear Toyin, but exercising some basic self control,
> > you notice that I have refrained from commenting on other
> > transcendental matters that you have touched upon here�
>
> > On Dec 4, 9:57 am, toyin adepoju <toyin.adep...@googlemail.com> wrote:
> > > Let me honor your declared leaning towards Jewish culture and give an
> > > example from there,Cornelius.
>
> > > In a section of the Worms synagogue,there is a chair,empty,and as far as
> > I
> > > know,unused.It is the chair of Rashi,Rabbi Shelomo Ben Isaac.Why is
> > Rashi's
> > > chair in the synagogue?
>
> > > It is there in honour of the fact that,among other fundamental
> > > accomplishments,centuries ago, Rashi was able to ensure the continuity of
> > > Jewish education based on Jewish sacred texts in that part of Europe when
> > > the teachers were killed in a pogrom,thereby endangering the continuity
> > of
> > > the tradition,since �a good part of the learning and recording were
> > largely
> > > oral.Rashi,as a part time student,had made notes which he studied and
> > > expounded to his sheep �in his �job as �a shepherd �because he could not
> > > afford full time study.
>
> > > At the death of the teachers,the students came to Rashi.Today,on the
> > margins
> > > of these texts,the main text is often �accompanied by Rashi's
> > > commentary.This is as far as I have read of the great teacher and
> > > exegete.Research �online suggests that story I read in the Encyclopedia
> > > Britannica 1971 edition might not be accurate.It remains inspiring for
> > > me,though.
>
> > > There is nothing like a good teacher.
>
> > > May that nothingness,that escape into incomparability,that transcendence
> > of
> > > all categories,not be linked to Ain Soph,the Qabalistic
> > unconceptualised?In
> > > the poetry of the Tibetan Buddhist poet Jetsun Milarepa,the teacher and
> > the
> > > Primordial Buddha,the manifestation of ultimate reality,beyond being and
> > > non-being,are identical.
>
> > > He calls continually �to the adepts of his �Kargyutpa lineage. They are
> > > physically departed, yet present,invisible yet palpable:
>
> > > "Vouchsafe �your waves of power,O gurus....."
>
> > > toyin
>
> > > On 3 December 2010 22:22, Cornelius Hamelberg
> > > <corneliushamelb...@gmail.com>wrote:
>
> > > > Toyin,
>
> > > > All the artsyfarsty philosophizing about �There is no such thing as a
> > > > good teacher.� �What are we talking, Nigerian English or mere
> > > > gibberish?
>
> > > > Where is Farooq Kperogi the language analyst when we need him?
>
> > > > Knowing you as I do, I intuit that you mean " There is nothing you
> > > > could be more fortunate to have than to have a good
>
> ...
>
> l�s mer �
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