BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology - Haaretz.com

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Okey Iheduru

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Feb 13, 2020, 2:56:40 PM2/13/20
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Akin Ogundiran

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Feb 16, 2020, 7:14:03 PM2/16/20
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The title of Okey Iheduru's posting on this subject (Feb. 13) is sensational and misleading (BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology). It is neither consistent with the title of the story he shared nor with the contents of the publication by the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz. The title of the article in Haaretz is "The Ghost’ Ancestor Detected in DNA of Today’s West Africans. And, the study is not based on any archaeological finding.

 

The Haaretz article itself is a poor online presentation of the scientific study recently published in Science Advances titled "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations." There are three problems that possibly led to the sensational title used by Okey Iheduru. First, most historical geneticists have a poor understanding of culture and human history. Second, most humanists and social scientists lack a basic understanding of the science of DNA. Third, as a result of 1 and 2, the translations of DNA data/findings into the public domain and historical narrative tend to come with inaccuracies and deliberate/unscrupulous manipulation. For those who may be wondering what this is all about, the publication in Science Advances reached this straightforward conclusion:

The present-day West Africans carry the genes of archaic Homo sapiens and possibly the DNA of a branch of Homo erectus. That is, anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) who emerged from the archaic Homo sapiens about 300,000 years ago interbred with their archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus cousins before those two subspecies died out. This is not surprising. The same thing happened in other parts of the world. For example, when Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Europe and Asia (from Africa) between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago, they also interbred with the native Neanderthals and Denisovans (the versions of archaic Homo sapiens in those regions).


The reference to the Yoruba and Mende in the original Science Advances study came about because the genetic samples that the authors used in their study were collected from individuals living in these two culture areas. These samples are currently banked at Yale University's Human Relations Area File. Most geneticists interested in early human migrations and evolution often use these samples in their laboratory work. But there are problems with the methodology by which the sample was obtained. The so-called "Yoruba DNA" samples were collected in Ibadan from members of the same family across three generations. Those who collected these samples did not do any historical study to understand the ancestry of this family. We don't know how this arrived in Ibadan, from where, and when. Anyone who knows the history of Ibadan and what DNA is about would giggle at the sloppy way the data was collected, and how this data is now called "Yoruba DNA." This is a  misnaming. We can talk of Yoruba culture and history, but there is no peculiar Yoruba DNA found in an isolated Yoruba population. So, what has become "Yoruba or Mende DNA" in genetic studies is no more than two samples (populations) of DNA from West Africa.


Those interested in a more informed popular version of the original research (beyond the sensation) should read this Feb 12 New York Times article, "Ghost DNA Hints at Africa’s Missing Ancient Humans". And those interested in the original publication in Science Advances should visit https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097.

 

Akin Ogundiran

UNC Charlotte


On Thursday, February 13, 2020 at 2:56:40 PM UTC-5, okeyiheduru wrote:

Okey Iheduru

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Feb 16, 2020, 9:44:15 PM2/16/20
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Thank you, Prof. Ogundiran for your response to the article I posted on February 13th. I found the Israeli newspaper report intriguing. I felt that if I posted it with the newspaper's original title, folks might not take note of this interesting finding. I know next to nothing about genetics and archaeology. So, I'm sincerely grateful for your insights on the subject.

By the way, you may also be interested to know about my helplessness regarding a recent poser I got from my son. He did his DNA test on 23andMe.com and the report suggested his father's/my side of his family has about 5% DNA traceable to Egypt and about 88% traceable to the Igbo ethnic group. His mother's side is a whopping 98% Igbo. So, my son has been haranguing me to find out who his "Egyptian ancestors" are. So, your deep knowledge of the subject suggests you might provide me with some response to this young man.

Regards,

Okey

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Just published “The African Corporation, ‘Africapitalism’ and Regional Integration in Africa” (September 2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785362538.

Gloria Emeagwali

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Feb 16, 2020, 9:45:18 PM2/16/20
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This reminds me of the sloppy work done on what was labeled ancient Egyptian DNA in 2017. The researchers went to a fringe area of Egypt, at Abusir - el- Meleq, and deliberately ignored the core areas of continuous occupation of indigenous Egyptians about 300 miles away.  The sample was not representative, and could even be that of  West Asian Hyksos who invaded and occupied Egypt during the time frame cited, but they were in a hurry to hit the headlines, and thought they could fool the uninformed.

I interpret the terminology “ghost”  here to imply unknown and mysterious. David Reich hints to this “ghost” phenomenon, in his chapter  9 , on Africa, in “Who we are and how we got here.”He talks about “a mixture of two highly differentiated human populations in close to equal proportions.”p.211.

Were the  Neanderthals and Denisovans originally from Africa?


Gloria Emeagwali 
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OLAYINKA AGBETUYI

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Feb 17, 2020, 2:49:22 PM2/17/20
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If anything, Prof Ògúndìran has highlighted how the nature of the sampling frame in the Social Sciences determines the outcome ( and integrity of the research.)

I would be interested in the same vein in knowing how the Egyptian ancestry was determined by the site Okey's son visited since by 300, 000 years ago there was no Egypt nor Igbo civilization. That 5% of the genes in his son has affinities with some people in Egypt does not mean the genes came originally from Egypt area.

I am still in the queue for Prof Ògúndìran's attention on ( when the stack of waiting files reach our turn) how the Pelúpelú mound ( by Ìmèsí tributary states) sheds light on the movement of Òrànmíyàn to Benin via Asaba.  Ìmèsí Òjùgbàyè is the last fully Èkìtì (and Yorùbá) township ( before divergence to Àkókó) on the straight road to Asaba (200 kilos) even before Adó Èkìtì was settled.

Would excavation confirm or refute the claim that Onímèsí (of the very first Ìmèsí township among the three competing Ìmèsí townships) of Ìmèsí Òjùgbàyè was among the original 16 crowned Yoruba heads before the destruction by the Fulani jihadist marauders in a failed conversion move?

OAA



Sent from my Samsung Galaxy smartphone.

-------- Original message --------
From: Okey Iheduru <okeyi...@gmail.com>
Date: 17/02/2020 02:49 (GMT+00:00)
To: USAAfrica Dialogue <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Re: BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology - Haaretz.com

Boxbe This message is eligible for Automatic Cleanup! (okeyi...@gmail.com) Add cleanup rule | More info
Thank you, Prof. Ogundiran for your response to the article I posted on February 13th. I found the Israeli newspaper report intriguing. I felt that if I posted it with the newspaper's original title, folks might not take note of this interesting finding. I know next to nothing about genetics and archaeology. So, I'm sincerely grateful for your insights on the subject.

By the way, you may also be interested to know about my helplessness regarding a recent poser I got from my son. He did his DNA test on 23andMe.com and the report suggested his father's/my side of his family has about 5% DNA traceable to Egypt and about 88% traceable to the Igbo ethnic group. His mother's side is a whopping 98% Igbo. So, my son has been haranguing me to find out who his "Egyptian ancestors" are. So, your deep knowledge of the subject suggests you might provide me with some response to this young man.

Regards,

Okey

On Sun, Feb 16, 2020 at 4:14 PM Akin Ogundiran <ogun...@gmail.com> wrote:

The title of Okey Iheduru's posting on this subject (Feb. 13) is sensational and misleading (BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology). It is neither consistent with the title of the story he shared nor with the contents of the publication by the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz. The title of the article in Haaretz is "The Ghost’ Ancestor Detected in DNA of Today’s West Africans. And, the study is not based on any archaeological finding.

 

The Haaretz article itself is a poor online presentation of the scientific study recently published in Science Advances titled "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations." There are three problems that possibly led to the sensational title used by Okey Iheduru. First, most historical geneticists have a poor understanding of culture and human history. Second, most humanists and social scientists lack a basic understanding of the science of DNA. Third, as a result of 1 and 2, the translations of DNA data/findings into the public domain and historical narrative tend to come with inaccuracies and deliberate/unscrupulous manipulation. For those who may be wondering what this is all about, the publication in Science Advances reached this straightforward conclusion:

The present-day West Africans carry the genes of archaic Homo sapiens and possibly the DNA of a branch of Homo erectus. That is, anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) who emerged from the archaic Homo sapiens about 300,000 years ago interbred with their archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus cousins before those two subspecies died out. This is not surprising. The same thing happened in other parts of the world. For example, when Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Europe and Asia (from Africa) between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago, they also interbred with the native Neanderthals and Denisovans (the versions of archaic Homo sapiens in those regions).


The reference to the Yoruba and Mende in the original Science Advances study came about because the genetic samples that the authors used in their study were collected from individuals living in these two culture areas. These samples are currently banked at Yale University's Human Relations Area File. Most geneticists interested in early human migrations and evolution often use these samples in their laboratory work. But there are problems with the methodology by which the sample was obtained. The so-called "Yoruba DNA" samples were collected in Ibadan from members of the same family across three generations. Those who collected these samples did not do any historical study to understand the ancestry of this family. We don't know how this arrived in Ibadan, from where, and when. Anyone who knows the history of Ibadan and what DNA is about would giggle at the sloppy way the data was collected, and how this data is now called "Yoruba DNA." This is a  misnaming. We can talk of Yoruba culture and history, but there is no peculiar Yoruba DNA found in an isolated Yoruba population. So, what has become "Yoruba or Mende DNA" in genetic studies is no more than two samples (populations) of DNA from West Africa.


Those interested in a more informed popular version of the original research (beyond the sensation) should read this Feb 12 New York Times article, "Ghost DNA Hints at Africa’s Missing Ancient Humans". And those interested in the original publication in Science Advances should visit https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097.

 

Akin Ogundiran

UNC Charlotte


On Thursday, February 13, 2020 at 2:56:40 PM UTC-5, okeyiheduru wrote:

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Okey C. Iheduru

Just published “The African Corporation, ‘Africapitalism’ and Regional Integration in Africa” (September 2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785362538.

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Akin Ogundiran

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Feb 17, 2020, 3:17:52 PM2/17/20
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The use of genetic studies for tracing ancestry is now a big business and has also become an important research tool for studying the deep history of Africa and elsewhere. Some are doing it better than others. It all depends on how the data is collected and named. The issue of ancestry and identity are very personal, psychological, and emotional. I will be reluctant to make any comment on that. One important contribution of genetic studies that has positive political value is that it has shown how mixed we all are. On the evolutionary line, we are all children of the same mother (Mitochondria Eve)--200,000-300,000 years ago. So, I would tell your son to embrace his Egyptian and Igbo identities, and then to find out which genetic mutations accounted for that 5% Egyptian and 88% Igbo. In addition, we are more than the genes we carry. For example, I can carry 100% Nupe genes (if possible) and identify as 100% Yoruba. 

Best regards, Akin


On Sunday, February 16, 2020 at 9:44:15 PM UTC-5, okeyiheduru wrote:
Thank you, Prof. Ogundiran for your response to the article I posted on February 13th. I found the Israeli newspaper report intriguing. I felt that if I posted it with the newspaper's original title, folks might not take note of this interesting finding. I know next to nothing about genetics and archaeology. So, I'm sincerely grateful for your insights on the subject.

By the way, you may also be interested to know about my helplessness regarding a recent poser I got from my son. He did his DNA test on 23andMe.com and the report suggested his father's/my side of his family has about 5% DNA traceable to Egypt and about 88% traceable to the Igbo ethnic group. His mother's side is a whopping 98% Igbo. So, my son has been haranguing me to find out who his "Egyptian ancestors" are. So, your deep knowledge of the subject suggests you might provide me with some response to this young man.

Regards,

Okey

On Sun, Feb 16, 2020 at 4:14 PM Akin Ogundiran <ogun...@gmail.com> wrote:

The title of Okey Iheduru's posting on this subject (Feb. 13) is sensational and misleading (BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology). It is neither consistent with the title of the story he shared nor with the contents of the publication by the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz. The title of the article in Haaretz is "The Ghost’ Ancestor Detected in DNA of Today’s West Africans. And, the study is not based on any archaeological finding.

 

The Haaretz article itself is a poor online presentation of the scientific study recently published in Science Advances titled "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations." There are three problems that possibly led to the sensational title used by Okey Iheduru. First, most historical geneticists have a poor understanding of culture and human history. Second, most humanists and social scientists lack a basic understanding of the science of DNA. Third, as a result of 1 and 2, the translations of DNA data/findings into the public domain and historical narrative tend to come with inaccuracies and deliberate/unscrupulous manipulation. For those who may be wondering what this is all about, the publication in Science Advances reached this straightforward conclusion:

The present-day West Africans carry the genes of archaic Homo sapiens and possibly the DNA of a branch of Homo erectus. That is, anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) who emerged from the archaic Homo sapiens about 300,000 years ago interbred with their archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus cousins before those two subspecies died out. This is not surprising. The same thing happened in other parts of the world. For example, when Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Europe and Asia (from Africa) between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago, they also interbred with the native Neanderthals and Denisovans (the versions of archaic Homo sapiens in those regions).


The reference to the Yoruba and Mende in the original Science Advances study came about because the genetic samples that the authors used in their study were collected from individuals living in these two culture areas. These samples are currently banked at Yale University's Human Relations Area File. Most geneticists interested in early human migrations and evolution often use these samples in their laboratory work. But there are problems with the methodology by which the sample was obtained. The so-called "Yoruba DNA" samples were collected in Ibadan from members of the same family across three generations. Those who collected these samples did not do any historical study to understand the ancestry of this family. We don't know how this arrived in Ibadan, from where, and when. Anyone who knows the history of Ibadan and what DNA is about would giggle at the sloppy way the data was collected, and how this data is now called "Yoruba DNA." This is a  misnaming. We can talk of Yoruba culture and history, but there is no peculiar Yoruba DNA found in an isolated Yoruba population. So, what has become "Yoruba or Mende DNA" in genetic studies is no more than two samples (populations) of DNA from West Africa.


Those interested in a more informed popular version of the original research (beyond the sensation) should read this Feb 12 New York Times article, "Ghost DNA Hints at Africa’s Missing Ancient Humans". And those interested in the original publication in Science Advances should visit https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097.

 

Akin Ogundiran

UNC Charlotte


On Thursday, February 13, 2020 at 2:56:40 PM UTC-5, okeyiheduru wrote:

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Akin Ogundiran

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Feb 17, 2020, 3:17:56 PM2/17/20
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Neanderthals and Denisovans are archaic Homo sapiens. They evolved from different Homo erectus populations that left Africa in the middle of the Ice Age (1.5 million years ago). In Europe and parts of Asia, those Homo erectus evolved into Neanderthal. In other parts of Asia, Homo erectus evolved into Denisovans.


On Sunday, February 16, 2020 at 9:45:18 PM UTC-5, Gloria Emeagwali wrote:
This reminds me of the sloppy work done on what was labeled ancient Egyptian DNA in 2017. The researchers went to a fringe area of Egypt, at Abusir - el- Meleq, and deliberately ignored the core areas of continuous occupation of indigenous Egyptians about 300 miles away.  The sample was not representative, and could even be that of  West Asian Hyksos who invaded and occupied Egypt during the time frame cited, but they were in a hurry to hit the headlines, and thought they could fool the uninformed.

I interpret the terminology “ghost”  here to imply unknown and mysterious. David Reich hints to this “ghost” phenomenon, in his chapter  9 , on Africa, in “Who we are and how we got here.”He talks about “a mixture of two highly differentiated human populations in close to equal proportions.”p.211.

Were the  Neanderthals and Denisovans originally from Africa?


Gloria Emeagwali 
Sent from my iPhone

On Feb 16, 2020, at 5:41 PM, Akin Ogundiran <ogun...@gmail.com> wrote:

The title of Okey Iheduru's posting on this subject (Feb. 13) is sensational and misleading (BREAKING NEWS!!! The Yoruba Descended From Archaic "Ghost’ Ancestor- Archaeology). It is neither consistent with the title of the story he shared nor with the contents of the publication by the Israeli newspaper, Haaretz. The title of the article in Haaretz is "The Ghost’ Ancestor Detected in DNA of Today’s West Africans. And, the study is not based on any archaeological finding.

 

The Haaretz article itself is a poor online presentation of the scientific study recently published in Science Advances titled "Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations." There are three problems that possibly led to the sensational title used by Okey Iheduru. First, most historical geneticists have a poor understanding of culture and human history. Second, most humanists and social scientists lack a basic understanding of the science of DNA. Third, as a result of 1 and 2, the translations of DNA data/findings into the public domain and historical narrative tend to come with inaccuracies and deliberate/unscrupulous manipulation. For those who may be wondering what this is all about, the publication in Science Advances reached this straightforward conclusion:

The present-day West Africans carry the genes of archaic Homo sapiens and possibly the DNA of a branch of Homo erectus. That is, anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) who emerged from the archaic Homo sapiens about 300,000 years ago interbred with their archaic Homo sapiens and Homo erectus cousins before those two subspecies died out. This is not surprising. The same thing happened in other parts of the world. For example, when Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Europe and Asia (from Africa) between 100,000 and 40,000 years ago, they also interbred with the native Neanderthals and Denisovans (the versions of archaic Homo sapiens in those regions).


The reference to the Yoruba and Mende in the original Science Advances study came about because the genetic samples that the authors used in their study were collected from individuals living in these two culture areas. These samples are currently banked at Yale University's Human Relations Area File. Most geneticists interested in early human migrations and evolution often use these samples in their laboratory work. But there are problems with the methodology by which the sample was obtained. The so-called "Yoruba DNA" samples were collected in Ibadan from members of the same family across three generations. Those who collected these samples did not do any historical study to understand the ancestry of this family. We don't know how this arrived in Ibadan, from where, and when. Anyone who knows the history of Ibadan and what DNA is about would giggle at the sloppy way the data was collected, and how this data is now called "Yoruba DNA." This is a  misnaming. We can talk of Yoruba culture and history, but there is no peculiar Yoruba DNA found in an isolated Yoruba population. So, what has become "Yoruba or Mende DNA" in genetic studies is no more than two samples (populations) of DNA from West Africa.


Those interested in a more informed popular version of the original research (beyond the sensation) should read this Feb 12 New York Times article, "Ghost DNA Hints at Africa’s Missing Ancient Humans". And those interested in the original publication in Science Advances should visit https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/7/eaax5097.

 

Akin Ogundiran

UNC Charlotte


On Thursday, February 13, 2020 at 2:56:40 PM UTC-5, okeyiheduru wrote:

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Akin Ogundiran

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Feb 17, 2020, 6:57:33 PM2/17/20
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I was not ignoring you, my brother. You have brought up a question for which I don't have a clear answer. I am not familiar with the oral traditions stating that Oranmiyan traveled through Imesi to Benin and Asaba. Unfortunately, archaeology cannot give us anything that close in detail. However, we can excavate those Pelupelu mounds  to understand their chronology and the type of society that created the mounds--their economy, culture, and social lives. We can then compare that information to/with other parts of the Yoruba and Edo regions for which we have archaeological data - Ile-Ife, Benin, Ilare, Owo, Oyo, Iffe-Ijumu, and Igbomina. This will give us a sense of the place of Imesi in Yoruba history.

I collected oral traditions in the two Imesi towns (Imesi-Oke and Imesi-Ile) as part of my earlier work in northern Ijesa--Ilare, Ibokun, Esa-Oke, Esa-Odo). I have also traveled in different parts of Ekiti (in collaboration with other archaeologists) collecting oral traditions and doing reconnaissance survey to identify ancient sites. Unfortunately, there are no archaeological excavations in Ekiti region that cover the period of (proto)Yoruba expansion from the present Okun (the Confluence) to central Yoruba region, ca. 300 BC to 500 AD. I agree with the Late Ade Obayemi's hypothesis that the Ekiti region was central to that expansion. That was much earlier than the supposed Oranmiyan travels (possibly in the 12th or 13th century). 

Let's continue the conversation privately on how we can launch archaeological investigations in Imesi.

Akin Ogundiran (ogun...@gmail.com)
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Okey C. Iheduru

Just published “The African Corporation, ‘Africapitalism’ and Regional Integration in Africa” (September 2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785362538.

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