Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World

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Moses Ebe Ochonu

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May 7, 2021, 8:26:48 AM5/7/21
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Here's a link to my review essay titled, "Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World," just published in RESEARCH AFRICA REVIEW. The essay started life as a lecture I gave at Duke University's symposium on Anti-Blackness in the Arab World. Thereafter, due to popular demand, the editors of the review publication, who are also editors of Duke's popular "Research Africa" scholarly listserv, appealed to me to develop the lecture so they could publish it in the review journal.






Biko Agozino

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May 7, 2021, 12:42:58 PM5/7/21
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Thanks Moses for this interesting review. I will never cite Ibn Khaldoun again without a health warning. 

But you promised us origins. Where did Khaldoun's racism originate? You say that it was slavery but was there racism before slavery? How about sexism that co-exists with racism in articulation? Does the original sin of slavery also explain that? And how about class domination, the very essence of slavery which you admit is not always racial? You may have left some juice in the tube by focusing only on racism and neglecting sexism and classism without which racism is not fully meaningful because, though different, they are never experienced in isolation or separately because they are intersectional.

By the way, did Khaldoun understand the meaning of the traveler's tale that 'they frequently eat each other'? It simply means making love to each other even in English today where they talk about eating as a polite way to talk about getting some. I believe that the Hausa word, 'ci', the Igbo word, 'rie' and the Yoruba word, 'je' are all suggestive synonyms for intercourse. No be so?

Biko

On Friday, 7 May 2021, 08:56:07 GMT-4, Moses Ebe Ochonu <meoc...@gmail.com> wrote:


Here's a link to my review essay titled, "Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World," just published in RESEARCH AFRICA REVIEW. The essay started life as a lecture I gave at Duke University's symposium on Anti-Blackness in the Arab World. Thereafter, due to popular demand, the editors of the review publication, who are also editors of Duke's popular "Research Africa" scholarly listserv, appealed to me to develop the lecture so they could publish it in the review journal.






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Gloria Emeagwali

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May 7, 2021, 1:54:24 PM5/7/21
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Moses, 

If you stated “Slavery, Theology and Anti-Blackness in the West Asian World, “you would be  more accurate. Afterall, where did the anti-Black Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa  get  its inspiration from? The Quran?

 Black devils, White saints  and so on, in popular Christian imagination should be noted as well. Steve Biko warned that it was a White God “doing the talking all along” and speaking to attentive devotees, including our dear moderator. https://www2.ccsu.edu/africaupdate/?article=501
Steve Biko

Biko Agozino, his namesake 
does not want to be part of hell’s bonfire,-  but  apologies to  Biko and Cornelius the Wise, this she- devil believes that hell is a very, very 🥶 cold place.

By the way, remember  that the first Muezzin in Islam was a Black man and that in 614, CE, the  Prophet Mohammad sent about one hundred of his close relatives for safety to Ethiopia, during the reign of Emperor Armah,-   and that the fourth most holy shrine in Islam is located in Ethiopia.

But I would add to your narrative the
Arab refusal to acknowledge the largely Black identity of the ancient Egyptians (Minus the era of Hyksos, Greek and Roman occupation), essentially  for racist reasons, too. 

On the whole, though, fundamentalist Afrocentrists would have no problem with your piece.

Professor Gloria Emeagwali 
Vimeo.com/gloriaemeagwali 

GE

biko...@yahoo.com

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May 7, 2021, 6:01:04 PM5/7/21
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Na lie o. You no be she devil. Maybe La Diabless tying up Bad Johns and giving Africans essential bush bath. Ent?

Biko

Emeagwali, Gloria (History)

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May 7, 2021, 6:17:51 PM5/7/21
to bikozino via USA Africa Dialogue Series
But Biko you are a criminologist-
 not an anthropological sociologist.😆


Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History/African Studies, CCSU
africahistory.net; vimeo.com/ gloriaemeagwali
Recipient of the 2014 Distinguished Research
Excellence Award, Univ. of Texas at Austin;
2019 Distinguished Africanist Award
New York African Studies Association

From: bikozino via USA Africa Dialogue Series <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Sent: Friday, May 7, 2021 5:54 PM
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World
 

Please be cautious: **External Email**

Cornelius Hamelberg

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May 7, 2021, 7:49:11 PM5/7/21
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 Gloria the Great,

Instead of beating about the bush, you could start with “ The Curse of Ham” or the Bible episode where Joseph brothers sell him to some Ishmaelites

You may or may not agree with this so-called psychological truth that is being peddled, that in any given situation you find yourself in, the reaction is going to be one of either love or fear. Listen up or listen in: Having received my second vaccine three weeks ago it was time to say to hell with the very un-African “social distancing”, so last night on the way back home – by tube - someone came and sat right opposite me and started coughing violently, got me a little worried because unlike me he wasn’t wearing a mask, thereby signifying danger and before I knew what was happening I found the taboo question spurting out of my mouth: Are you from Eritrea? I asked him (he looked Eritrean) No, he said, guess. I suggested Brazil, Pakistan, Sudan, gave up asked him again, where? He said Iraq! I thought of the Zanj Black slave rebellion in Iraq back in 869- 883

and that’s where the tinge of Black must be coming from. I thought of Joseph and his coat of many colours. Where in Iraq? Baghdad , he smiled – Ah, the Baghdad of history. I told him that I have many friends from Iraq, including Ali Sistani. We chatted for a while He was probably rushing home to break his fast. In his The Destruction of Black Civilistion , Chancellor Williams claims that the Black Man arrived in Saudi Arabia in the same way that he arrived in North America: through slavery. Is that right Professore Gloria Emeagwali? You that “Wali” in Arabic means “ friend of God” and not she-devil? This means that you are not going to the everlasting bonfire...

Why on earth does he want to write about that, just that, right now? Because of the recent slave auction in Libya??

The fact is that the Prophet of Islam salallahu alaihi wa salaam must have been addressing a very topical issue when in his very last sermon, he said

All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a White has no superiority over a Black nor a Black has any superiority over a White except by piety and good action. Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood. Nothing shall be legitimate to a Muslim which belongs to a fellow Muslim unless it was given freely and willingly."

"Do not, therefore, do injustice to yourselves. Remember one day you will meet Allah and answer your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone."

Don Ochonu doesn’t quote that sermon or Pre-Islamic slavery as an aspect of capitalism in pre-Islamic Mecca //Capitalism and slavery in the pre-islamic period or the frequent references in the Quran, to “those that your right hands posses”

I have just read right through the distressing subject matter, Ochonu’s contribution to “knowledge production” I presume, he says ostensibly, “to understand or explain contemporary anti-Black racism in the Arab world” - a quantum leap and from his point of view, hopefully another feather in his academic hat or cap and to the glory of the on-going vicious Islamophobic propaganda that can be classified under various other vicious names, the means by which many professionals earn their daily bread.

We’re familiar with the term” self-hating Jew” and I suppose that Ochunu would like to produce some self-hating Nigerian Muslims, who become self-hating after reading his piece?

I suppose that it is a contribution that’s supposed to further poison the general atmosphere in Nigeria and hopes to successfully generate some questions, some self-searching and some self-loathing as to why a traditionally born black and proud person would want to embrace Islam after all that Professor Ochonu has proclaimed here, asking the same question that Mr. Eliot asks in Gerontion:

After such knowledge, what forgiveness? Think now

History has many cunning passages, contrived corridors

And issues, deceives with whispering ambitions,

Guides us by vanities.”

In effect, Ochonu’s contribution’s supposed to be in tandem with the all-American prejudice, just around the 911 event - ironically expressed by this one line from Amiri Baraka’s "Somebody blew up America(about 911):

They say it's some terrorist, some barbaric A Rab...”

As far as I can remember, up to now in all my relations with Arabs, I have never experienced any so-called racism. Never. On the day that I got married a Lebanese (Arab) friend Ahmed Labi, put his vintage Mercedes Benz at my disposal and was one of the witnesses who signed our marriage certificate...

Some wisdom from Ramana Maharshi

Harrow, Kenneth

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May 8, 2021, 1:22:20 AM5/8/21
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cornelius, we can't all go just by our personal experiences. i could cite many many anti-black incidents recounted to me by friends or grad students. morocco, tunisia, egypt, syria. wherever an elite associated their status with things like ottoman heritage or circassian origin, the status rose, or for women slaves the costs were linked directly to what we call race.
those histories don't disappear very quickly. a tunisian student of mine did a paper on the figure of the black african in tunisian folklore, and it was deeply racist.
the mark of slavery is hard to overcome in those parts of the arab world where it was a real factor.
i'd say your experiences count for the enlightened folks of our times, but the not so enlightened in the countries i mentioned do not make much effort to hide their racism. the ala was held in alexandria and the casual racism was apparent.
ken


kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Cornelius Hamelberg <cornelius...@gmail.com>
Sent: Friday, May 7, 2021 7:23 PM
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Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World
 

Dr BioDun J Ogundayo

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May 8, 2021, 7:49:17 AM5/8/21
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Hear, hear! Was at the ALA Alexandria in March 2003. Yes, even ordinary, light skinned Egyptians had a palpable disdain for us dark skinned African professors coming from the USA to the ALA—from the airport to the hotels…. 
2 years earlier in Casablanca, the racial animus and contempt—irrational because my interaction was purely business, confirming my flight at a Royal Air Maroc counter—was no less disconcerting. I had been at a British Council sponsored event, then.

--
BioDun J. Ogundayo , PhD. Arokesagun

Cornelius Hamelberg

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May 8, 2021, 12:10:34 PM5/8/21
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Dear Kenneth,

First of all, there are dozens of articles and a few full length books on this theme, not least of all Ayi Kwei Armah’s Two Thousand Seasons . So, I just can’t understand the urgency of the matter and that’s why I’m wondering why Moses Ochonu has chosen this particular time, the last days of the Holy Month of Ramadan during which falls (tonight) lailatul Qadr, has chosen this time to go on the attack, using his pen as his missile with his missive “Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Blackness in the Arab World”. One would have thought that in the name of peace, tranquillity, compassion, there should be a suspension of hostilities during this Month of Mercy.

I understand that he might believe that it’s an urgent matter that can’t wait and I can understand that unlike the old crusaders he might believe that “the pen is mightier than the sword”, and of course, a man is free to choose his weapon/s, depending on the battlefield and the kind of enemy he’s facing, understandably, for instance, hence the fear of Iran going nuclear and ballistic, the seriousness of the premeditated crime, the hot-headed mullahs wanting to send all their enemies to hell in just one great, mighty nuclear holocaust. We agree and so do they, that there would be no point in preferring to wage a war even in self-defence with the mightier pen when facing weapons of mass annihilation.

When it comes to racism and tribalism in Africa, and religious bigotry, he who feels it knows, especially he who feels it at the receiving end of racism, slavery, theology and Anti-Blackness in the White World, the Jesus of Lubeck, Chicken George, the murder of George Floyd, White Injustice, which we are to suppose could be of major interest to Ochonu, the Injustice that Marcus Garvey fought with his pen and of which Malcolm X reminds the Black Man in America: “We didn't land on Plymouth Rock; the rock was landed on us” and of course, anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial, he who feels it knows.

From that point of view it should be interesting to read Ochonu’s chapter two which could be entitled, “Slavery, Theology, and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World”, I suppose, starting with what happened at Khaybar.

Fast forward, all, each and every point that you’ve made herein is well taken (by me) in the spirit in which they were conceived and intended. And, sure, whether it’s white or blue blood vermin racism, the exception/s cannot be said to be the rule. At some later date, without the autobiographical preamble “As the historian of my own life I am interested in accounting for origins and sources of my race” or “I Am a Cowboy in the Boat of Ra”, I’m expecting a longish essay from you on the same theme, since you have such wide first and second hand experience about these issues








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Harrow, Kenneth

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May 8, 2021, 12:11:13 PM5/8/21
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i traveled w maureen eke to the alexandria conf, we were in cairo first. not a day, not an hour, where people didn't call her out, mostly calling Nigeria, etc. not all derogatory, but still, how would you like to walk down the street and have people calling out to you in response to your darkness? it was disconcerting to say the least.
i can attest to the same in morocco, though less obvious, maybe because of tourism?

of course, at times in marchés in africa i was called out, oyinbo etc.
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com <usaafric...@googlegroups.com> on behalf of Dr BioDun J Ogundayo <akand...@gmail.com>
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Cornelius Hamelberg

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May 8, 2021, 12:13:22 PM5/8/21
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Sir,

The countries you mention, are they not all members of the  African Union? 

I spent more than two wonderful months in Alexandria in 1991 , and more recently some time in Morrocco, no problems. On the contrary, except that there were a lot of refugees from South Sudan ( who had been graciously granted asylum), and from there some of them were storming the Saudi Embassy to get visas to that country....and in Morrocco, a lot of immigrants from Senegal and Benin , going through the usual routine hassle of settling down in a new country, new culture, language, people. I suppose it makes some difference if you are Muslim and in Rome trying to do as the Romans. 
Why did Jerry Rawlings have to send planes to bring back his people from Libya? Because, many there were  transgressing some of the norms - alcohol, ganja, ashawoes 

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Harrow, Kenneth

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May 8, 2021, 2:22:47 PM5/8/21
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but cornelius, black people wanting to go to racist countries is a function of money, not evidence of lack of racism. look at the migration into europe, and the u.s, and tell me there is no racism! into france, whose racism is particularly obnoxious since it contradicts so blatantly the ideals of egalite fraternite etc., or my country with its desperate need for blm
ken

kenneth harrow

professor emeritus

dept of english

michigan state university

517 803-8839

har...@msu.edu


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