A Cutting Tradition

[Tonia]

A Cutting Tradition
By SARA CORBETT
Published: January 20, 2008
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20circumcision-t.html?_r=1&ref=magazine&oref=slogin

When a girl is taken -- usually by her mother -- to a free circumcision
event held each spring in Bandung, Indonesia, she is handed over to a
small group of women who, swiftly and yet with apparent affection, cut
off a small piece of her genitals. Sponsored by the Assalaam
Foundation, an Islamic educational and social-services organization,
circumcisions take place in a prayer center or an emptied-out
elementary-school classroom where desks are pushed together and
covered with sheets and a pillow to serve as makeshift beds. The
procedure takes several minutes. There is little blood involved.
Afterward, the girl's genital area is swabbed with the antiseptic
Betadine. She is then helped back into her underwear and returned to a
waiting area, where she's given a small, celebratory gift -- some fruit
or a donated piece of clothing -- and offered a cup of milk for
refreshment. She has now joined a quiet majority in Indonesia, where,
according to a 2003 study by the Population Council, an international
research group, 96 percent of families surveyed reported that their
daughters had undergone some form of circumcision by the time they
reached 14.

These photos were taken in April 2006, at the foundation's annual mass
circumcision, which is free and open to the public and

held during the lunar month marking the birth of the prophet Muhammad.
The Assalaam Foundation runs several schools and a mosque in Bandung,
Indonesia's third-largest city and the capital of West Java. The
photographer Stephanie Sinclair was taken to the circumcision event by
a reproductive-health observer from Jakarta and allowed to spend
several hours there. Over the course of that Sunday morning, more than
200 girls were circumcised, many of them appearing to be under the age
of 5. Meanwhile, in a nearby building, more than 100 boys underwent a
traditional circumcision as well.

According to Lukman Hakim, the foundation's chairman of social
services, there are three "benefits" to circumcising girls.

"One, it will stabilize her libido," he said through an interpreter.
"Two, it will make a woman look more beautiful in the eyes of her
husband. And three, it will balance her psychology."

Female genital cutting -- commonly identified among international human
rights groups as female genital mutilation -- has been outlawed in 15
African countries. Many industrialized countries also have similar
laws. Both France and the U.S. have prosecuted immigrant residents for
performing female circumcisions.

In Indonesia, home to the world's largest Muslim population, a debate
over whether to ban female circumcision is in its early stages. The
Ministry of Health has issued a decree forbidding medical personnel to
practice it, but the decree which has yet to be backed by legislation
does not affect traditional circumcisers and birth attendants, who are
thought to do most female circumcisions. Many agree that a full ban is
unlikely without strong support from the country's religious leaders.
According to the Population Council study, many Indonesians view
circumcision for boys and girls as a religious duty.

Female circumcision in Indonesia is reported to be less extreme than
the kind practiced in other parts of the globe -- Africa, particularly.
Worldwide, female genital cutting affects up to 140 million women and
girls in varying degrees of severity, according to estimates from the
World Health Organization. The most common form of female genital
cutting, representing about 80 percent of cases around the world,
includes the excision of the clitoris and the labia minora. A more
extreme version of the practice, known as Pharaonic circumcision or
infibulation, accounts for 15 percent of cases globally and involves
the removal of all external genitalia and a stitching up of the
vaginal opening.

Studies have shown that in some parts of Indonesia, female
circumcision is more ritualistic -- a rite of passage meant to purify
the genitals and bestow gender identity on a female child -- with a
practitioner rubbing turmeric on the genitals or pricking the clitoris
once with a needle to draw a symbolic drop of blood. In other
instances, the procedure is more invasive, involving what WHO
classifies as "Type I" female genital mutilation, defined as excision
of the clitoral hood, called the prepuce, with or without incision of
the clitoris itself. The Population Council's 2003 study said that 82
percent of Indonesian mothers who witnessed their daughters'
circumcision reported that it involved "cutting." The women most often
identified the clitoris as the affected body part. The amount of flesh
removed, if any, was alternately described by circumcisers as being
the size of a quarter-grain of rice, a guava seed, a bean, the tip of
a leaf, the head of a needle.

At the Assalaam Foundation, traditional circumcisers say they learn
the practice from other women during several years of apprenticing.
Siti Rukasitta, who has been a circumciser at the foundation for 20
years, said through an interpreter that they use a small pair of
sterilized scissors to cut a piece of the clitoral prepuce about the
size of a nail clipping. Population Council observers who visited the
event before the 2003 study, however, reported that they also
witnessed some cases of circumcisers cutting the clitoris itself.

Any distinction between injuring the clitoris or the clitoral hood is
irrelevant, says Laura Guarenti, an obstetrician and WHO's medical
officer for child and maternal health in Jakarta. "The fact is there
is absolutely no medical value in circumcising girls," she says. "It
is 100 percent the wrong thing to be doing." The circumcision of boys,
she adds, has demonstrated health benefits, namely reduced risk of
infection and some protection against H.I.V.

Nonetheless, as Western awareness of female genital cutting has grown,
anthropologists, policy makers and health officials have warned
against blindly judging those who practice it, saying that progress is
best made by working with local leaders and opinion-makers to
gradually shift the public discussion of female circumcision from what
it's believed to bestow upon a girl toward what it takes away. "These
mothers believe they are doing something good for their children,"
Guarenti, a native of Italy, told me. "For our culture that is not
easily understandable. To judge them harshly is to isolate them. You
cannot make change that way."