Usp Wfi Monograph

[Shameka Cretsinger]

Amonograph is a specialist written work (in contrast to reference works)[1] or exhibition on one subject or one aspect of a usually scholarly subject, often by a single author or artist. Although a monograph can be created by two or more individuals, its text remains a coherent whole and it keeps being an in-depth academic work that presents original research, analysis, and arguments. As a focused, in-depth and specialised written work in which one or more authors develop a uniform and continuous argument or analysis over the course of the book, a monograph is essentially different from an edited collection of articles. In an edited collection, a number of original and separate scholarly contributions by different authors are edited and compiled into one book by one or more academic editors.

In library cataloguing, monograph has a broader meaning: a non-serial publication complete in one volume (book) or a definite number of books.[2] Thus it differs from a serial or periodical publication such as a magazine, academic journal, or newspaper.[3] In this context only, books such as novels are considered monographs.

The English term "monograph" is derived from modern Latin monographia, which has its root in Greek.[4] In the English word, "mono-" means "single" and "-graph" means "something written".[5] Unlike a textbook, which surveys the state of knowledge in a field, the main purpose of a monograph is to present primary research and original scholarship. This research is presented at length, distinguishing a monograph from an article. For these reasons, publication of a monograph is commonly regarded as vital for career progression in many academic disciplines. Intended for other researchers and bought primarily by libraries, monographs are generally published as individual volumes in a short print run.[6]

In Britain and the U.S., what differentiates a scholarly monograph from an academic trade title varies by publisher, though generally it is the assumption that the readership has not only specialized or sophisticated knowledge but also professional interest in the subject of the work.[7]

In biological taxonomy, a monograph is a comprehensive treatment of a taxon. Monographs typically review all known species within a group, add any newly discovered species, and collect and synthesize available information on the ecological associations, geographic distributions, and morphological variations within the group.

In the context of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation, monographs represent published standards by which the use of one or more substances is automatically authorized. For example, the following is an excerpt from the Federal Register: "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing a final rule in the form of a final monograph establishing conditions under which over-the-counter (OTC) sunscreen drug products are generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded as part of FDA's ongoing review of OTC drug products."[9] Such usage has given rise to the use of the word monograph as a verb, as in "this substance has been monographed by the FDA".

Smoking adversely impacts oncologic and other health-related outcomes among cancer patients, and individuals who smoke experience multiple benefits by quitting. This monograph synthesizes the evidence that smoking cessation treatment increases the quit rate for patients who smoke, identifies evidence-based interventions that have the potential to enhance the delivery of smoking cessation treatment in the cancer care setting, discusses special considerations for medically underserved and vulnerable populations who smoke, and identifies important research gaps related to these topics.

Reviews literature on genetic studies of nicotine use and dependence and presents a scientific plan for incorporating genetic research into cross-disciplinary studies of nicotine dependence. Chapters highlight theoretical considerations (including linking heritable genetic traits with nicotine dependence), modeling developmental trajectories to dependence, candidate endophenotypes, epidemiological and methodological considerations, and future directions.

Summarizes the scientific literature on media communication in tobacco promotion and tobacco control. It examines tobacco advertising tactics, depictions of tobacco use in news and entertainment, and tobacco control media strategies.

Provides a large-scale evaluation of the American Stop Smoking Intervention Study for Cancer Prevention (ASSIST), a three-pronged intervention using policy development, mass media and media advocacy, and program services. The evaluation used key metrics on tobacco control and policy measures and accounted for covariates of state-level data, including population demographics and economic, political, social, cultural, and geographic factors.

The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study for Cancer Prevention (ASSIST) was a three-pronged intervention using policy development, mass media and media advocacy, and program services. Monograph 16 provides information about historical context, conceptual framework, case studies of local interventions, and challenges presented by the tobacco industry in addition to the intervention itself.

Reviews smoking cessation interventions and whether the targets of cessation interventions are becoming harder to treat. Monograph 15 examines measures of nicotine dependence, smoking behaviors, comorbidities, and access to tobacco control interventions.

Smoking low-yield (also called low tar or light) cigarettes is associated with significant disease risks. Monograph 13 discusses the chemical composition of these cigarettes, related smoking behaviors, public perception of low-yield smoking, and how low-yield cigarettes have been marketed through the decades.

Provides research on the following efforts to reduce smoking in the general population: workplace smoking restrictions, physician intervention, self-help materials, quitlines, mass media, community-wide interventions, and population-based approaches. State-specific examples are discussed.

Presents the weight of the evidence on health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (also called secondhand smoke), including reproductive, respiratory, and cardiovascular system effects, as well as pre- and post-natal manifestations and cancer. Exposure measurement and prevalence is also summarized.

Discusses trends in cigar use in the United States and how marketing has influenced those trends. Topics related to cigar use and control, including disease consequences, indoor air pollution, pharmacology and abuse potential, regulation, and taxation, are also presented.

Presents findings from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study and other research to discuss trends in smoking prevalence, cessation, disease consequence, and mortality. The exposure-response relationship between cigarette smoking and negative health outcomes is also reviewed.

Describes the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) project which consisted of broadly structured community-based interventions that provided persistent cessation messaging. Special attention was paid to community mobilization, including involving health care providers, worksites, diverse communities, schools, and youth in tobacco control efforts.

Office-based smoking cessation assistance is a useful tobacco control intervention strategy. Monograph 5 presents what interventions work, how to recruit and motivate clinicians to provide advice, and how to deliver smoking cessation assistance within the health care system.

Examines trends in the passage of local ordinances in two major policy areas: limiting smoking to protect nonsmokers and reducing youth access to tobacco. An appendix includes model ordinances that can be used by community policymakers.

Describes the epidemiology, clinical and pathological effects, carcinogenesis, nicotine effects and addiction, prevention, cessation, and policy research findings in the area of smokeless tobacco use. Evidence-based recommendations for smokeless tobacco control strategies are provided.

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I was having a chat with a PhD candidate in our institution yesterday concerning what should be the preferable path to obtaining a PhD. The bone of contention was, "by monograph or publication?" I want to share my viewpoint here.

The PhD by publication comprises of a collection of peer-reviewed papers, as an alternative to the traditional monograph system that involves writing a comprehensive piece of research work in a book form for submission to PhD examiners. Only those who have done their PhD can describe the joys and agonies of taking any of the two paths.

PhD by publication sounds cool because you surely would gain some published works in the process. However, what if the target audience of your research do not read scientific journals? What if the most important part of the work - the results - are obtained only in the final stage of the research? What if you lose the chance to master your subject through independent research? There are many what-ifs involved in this. Think it through if you are considering this approach.

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