700 Hundred Common Words In Shorthand Pdf
Cyndi Barca
Lots of people spend time writing out full sentences and long phrases in lectures or during their research. It can be difficult to keep up with your lecturers when you do this, and you might miss key information. Meanwhile, some people note down key words and phrases and struggle to understand their notes later. Writing notes this way is known as note-taking.
Note-making on the other hand involves engaging with your subject material. While note-taking involves mimicking the information in front of you, note-making means processing and understanding the content as you write it down. This helps you remember the content. Try to think about what you're writing and summarise or paraphrase the content, or link it to your own ideas or other resources. See our tips on mind maps for an alternative to linear notes.
Make up your own abbreviations. There are plenty of popular ways to shorten particular common words and phrases but you can use your own abbreviations and symbols too. Write down what each symbol means so you don't get confused later.
I took to the program as if born to it. I was the fastest typist in my class, clocked at more than a hundred words a minute on clunky manual Underwood typewriters, but it was Gregg shorthand that won my heart. The phonetic system of dots and dashes, swoops and curves, loops and hooks, each symbol coded to a letter, word, or phrase, became my own silent language. At home I practiced with radio and TV announcers for fun. In class we were expected to take dictation at 80 to 120 words a minute and transcribe it accurately; certificates were awarded for achievement. I topped out at 160 in tests, higher in class exercises. It was a keen competition among classmates, but the real thrill was surpassing my previous bests, setting new personal records like a marathon runner.
Numerals are already a form of shorthand, and should be used wherever they are faster or more legible. They are sometimes called Arabic numerals to distinguish them from Roman numerals (e.g. MCMXII). Numeral (or figure) refers to the written sign, number refers to the mathematical concept, although in normal conversation the word "number" covers everything.
In the captions to the shorthand examples, I have given the numbers in longhand words, as that is a more accurate rendering of what someone might say, especially as there are often several ways to speak a number:
Your transcription of dictated numbers will vary depending on the context of the piece. Small numbers and round larger numbers within a narrative are better transcribed as words e.g. five houses, twenty letters, a hundred people, a million trees. Precise amounts are generally clearer as numerals e.g. "we received 1,686 letters" or "We improved by 20% last year." A longhand sentence should never start with a numeral. The following website summarises the rules: www.dailywritingtips.com/10-rules-for-writing-numbers-and-numerals/
This page only deals with what shorthand you should write for reliability. Your shorthand notes do not need to reflect normal usage in longhand, but the outlines or numerals must be clear, as context cannot help you retrieve them from your notes if there is any ambiguity or clash of shapes.
(a) Start anticlockwise from the top. Finish with a final flick upwards, aiming to end the line higher than the starting point. The line will then either join up or end over the top, but it will be safe from turning into a 6.
"Whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable if anything is excellent or praiseworthy think about such things." (Philippians 4:8)Home Site Map Guest & Feedback Forms All original text, images and downloads on the Lessons, Reading and Theory websites, as below, are copyright Beryl L Pratt and are provided for personal non-commercial study use only, and may not be republished in any form, or reposted online, either in full or part or screenshots or edited. The sites below are the only download locations for the material permitted by the author and if you wish to share the content, please do so by a link to the appropriate page:www.long-live-pitmans-shorthand.org.uk
I and the you that a to know of it yeah in they do so but is like have was we its just on or not think for well what about all thats oh really one are right uh them at there my mean dont no with if when can.
Since just 100 spoken words account for about 66% of words in conversation (ref 1), using a portion of these in a starter word list for CW practice makes sense. Since CW conversations use unique Q signals, pro-signs and word abbreviations, our top 100 words ought to include a portion of these in common use today. An important twist of the compiled word list is that the spoken words portion of the list (about 50%) comes from a recent study by Steven Greenberg, a linguist. Many enthusiasts have obtained their 100 word list from William Pierpont's (NHFF) famous "Art and Skill of Radio-Telegraphy." His compilation (some 50 years back?) was sourced from government text. Language and word usage have changed. Ive assumed since QSOs are dialogues that CW practice words should come more from conversations rather than text.
Another important starting point for CW practice is speed. At what words-per minute (WPM) should one start? There are many opinions on this, of course! Many support the Koch Method, wherein the desired WPM goal determines the initial character speed used, say 20 or 25 WPM, while substantially slowing down the intra- and inter-word spaces (ICS & IWS). The idea here is to give the listener time to hear and record (copy) a letter or word before the next one comes along! This procedure may cause difficulties later for some to transitioning from hearing dots and dashes to hearing a whole letter or from hearing letters to hearing whole words. The problem might manifest itself this way: having learned to collect a word by listening and recording it character by character, you cant stop using that learned process as speed is increased slowly from session to session. For the word NAME, youd hear N and then write or say N, hear A and then say A, etc. However, listening to the whole word first and then recording it is more efficient, using fewer buckets of your short term auditory memory. My experience is that copying words is easier than copying letters first for words at somewhere around 18 to 22 WPM; lets call that the word threshold. While the Koch Method stresses word copy, strictly coded, the word is spread out a bit below full character speed when the ICS is reduced. Thats why I like to practice with a program that can maintain ICS and character speeds equal while allowing for IWS adjustment.The idea behind varying just IWS is this: starting at about 25 WPM for words but with an IWS six times normal, one has time to copy/say a whole word out loud before receiving the next word. Start by using a small portion of the 100 common words compiled. As your score reaches 80 to 90% correct, increase the word count and/or decrease the IWS a bit. Eventually youll reach normal spacing, your overall goal speed. NuMorse Pro, see the resources list below, supports separate IWS spacing. If time allows in 2011, well attempt to monitor 100 QSOs on the air and generate statistics on frequency of words, speed, etc.
References:
(1) The spoken list is compiled from Steven Greenbergs Speaking in Shorthand A Syllabic-Centric Perspective for Understanding Pronunciation Variation. His top 100 spoken word list is obtained from one of the primary sets of material used to assess the reliability and accuracy of automatic speech recognition systems. The set is taken from a compilation of unscripted telephone dialogs.
(2) Twelve text-based words not in (1) are added from William Pierponts top 100 text-based words from The Art & Skill of Radio-Telegraphy
Resources:
There are many fine CW Software Programs available. Here are a few of my favorites:
NuMorse Pro: Its full featured, including character, word, sentence and QSO practice and a Koch trainer. A unique feature is adjustable inter-word spacing for text files. If you are reading this on the 4SQRP website, there may be attached a zipd file that contains a number of notepad generated text files NuMorse can read. NuMorse and ebooktoCW, among other programs, can generate CW audio files from text.
JustLearnMorseCode: Its also full featured and includes the Koch method.
The G4FON Koch Method CW Trainer is also a fine program. RufzXP is well know and concentrates on call sign copy, supporting high speeds!
Shorthand is any system of abbreviated writing.
Assuming your are already familiar with Handywrite handwriting, which offers a short and sweet (but not abbreviated) writing system, you can write even faster by systematically abbreviating common words and phrases. Of course you could learn one of the many alphabetic shorthand systems and write in abbreviated longhand, but why start with an inherently slow form of handwriting and then try to write fast? Better to start with something that is already fast and go from there.
What to abbreviate? The most common words, prefixes, suffixes, and phrases.
About 40 words make up about 40% of all the words you write and the 100 most frequent words make up about 50%, so learning a few abbreviations for the most common words would give you a big bang for the effort. If you have to stop writing to think of an abbreviation, then you're better off just writing out the word.
Here are 100 abbreviations selected from the 300 most common words listed in their order of frequency. Only use an abbreviation is if you feel learning and remembering it is easier than writing it out in full.
Note that a short upward line can be used for the "au" sound in "out." Also place dots, dashes, and commas used as punctuation close to the preceding word and further away when used to represent words (the, of, in, some).
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