Movie Mezzanine
Nina Zahra
A mezzanine (/ˌmɛzəˈniːn/; or in Italian, a mezzanino)[1] is an intermediate floor in a building which is partly open to the double-height ceilinged floor below, or which does not extend over the whole floorspace of the building, a loft with non-sloped walls. However, the term is often used loosely for the floor above the ground floor, especially where a very high-ceilinged original ground floor has been split horizontally into two floors.
In Royal Italian architecture, mezzanino also means a chamber created by partitioning that does not go up all the way to the arch vaulting or ceiling; these were historically common in Italy and France, for example in the palaces for the nobility at the Quirinal Palace.
A mezzanine is an intermediate floor (or floors) in a building which is open to the floor below.[2] It is placed halfway (mezzo means 'half' in Italian) up the wall on a floor which has a ceiling at least twice as high as a floor with minimum height.[3] A mezzanine does not count as one of the floors in a building, and generally does not count in determining maximum floorspace.[2] The International Building Code permits a mezzanine to have as much as one-third of the floor space of the floor below. Local building codes may vary somewhat from this standard.[2] A space may have more than one mezzanine, as long as the sum total of floor space of all the mezzanines is not greater than one-third the floor space of the complete floor below.[2]
Mezzanines help to make a high-ceilinged space feel more personal and less vast, and can create additional floor space.[4] Mezzanines, however, may have lower-than-normal ceilings[1] due to their location. The term "mezzanine" does not imply any particular function; mezzanines can be used for a wide array of purposes.[5][6]
In industrial settings, mezzanines may be installed (rather than built as part of the structure) in high-ceilinged spaces such as warehouses. These semi-permanent structures are usually free-standing, can be dismantled and relocated, and are sold commercially. Industrial mezzanine structures can be supported by structural steel columns and elements, or by racks or shelves.[7] Depending on the span and the run of the mezzanine, different materials may be used for the mezzanine's deck like fibre cement boards.[8] Some industrial mezzanines may also include enclosed, paneled office space on their upper levels.[7] There are three basic types of industrial mezzanines: custom, standard or modular.
Custom Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are designed specifically to match the space and capacity needs of a given facility. It will, at a minimum, include a stairway for accessing the mezzanine. These structures typically are the strongest in terms of support capacity.
Standard Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are completely self-supporting and are sold in predetermined sizes and shapes. These off-the-shelf structures are usually strong (in terms of support capacity) and less expensive than custom mezzanines.
Employees in material handling and manufacturing are often at risk of falls when they are on the job. Recent figures show approximately 20,000 serious injuries and nearly 100 fatalities a year in industrial facilities.[9] Falls of people and objects from mezzanines are of particular concern.[10]
In many industrial operations, openings are cut into the guardrail on mezzanines and elevated work platforms to allow picking of palletized material to be loaded and unloaded, often with a fork truck, to upper levels. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)[11] and International Building Council (IBC)[12] have published regulations for fall protection and The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has published standards for securing pallet drop areas to protect workers that work on elevated platforms and are exposed to openings.
In most cases, safety gates are used to secure these openings. OSHA requires openings 48 inches or taller to be secured with a fall protection system.[13] Removable sections of railing or gates that swing or slide open would be used to open up the area and allow the transfer of material, and then close once the material is removed. However, current ANSI standards require dual-gate safety systems for fall protection.[14]
Dual-gate safety systems were created to secure these areas, allowing a barrier to be in place at all times, even while pallets are being loaded or removed. Dual-gate systems create a completely enclosed workstation providing protection for the worker during loading and off-loading operations. When the rear-side gate opens, the ledge gate automatically closes, ensuring there is always a gate between the operator and the ledge.
Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
A mezzanine loan is a source of capital that is between less risky senior debt and higher-risk equity with some of the features of both. Mezzanine loans are usually subordinated to senior debt or can be preferred equity with a fixed-rate coupon or divided. They may also have some form of participation rights, such as warrants, in the common equity of the business, though in a manner that will be far less dilutive of ownership than the issuance of common equity.
If the borrower faces liquidity problems, it is possible to push a pause button on current interest payments for mezzanine debt, thus making the senior lenders more secure in their protected senior status.
Mezzanine bridge loans cover the cost of a purchase or development project that is not covered by senior debt. The loans are unsecured but may be replaced by equity in the event of a default. Mezzanine financing allows the loan to increase the funding without the ownership dilution that would be caused by the issuance of a significant amount of preferred or common equity.
On the other hand, real estate mezzanine loans appear as equity on the balance sheet, which may make obtaining further financing somewhat easier. For the lender, real estate mezzanine loans offer very high rates of return in a low-interest-rate environment, the opportunity to obtain some equity or control of the business, and occasionally, the ability to apply some control to the operations of the business.
A mezzanine fund is a pool of capital that seeks to invest in mezzanine finance for the purposes of acquisitions, growth, recapitalization, and management or leveraged buyouts. Investors in a mezzanine fund receive a rate of return of 13% to 35%, higher than offered on most forms of debt financing.
As with all pooled investments, a mezzanine fund will make money off the interest received on its pooled investments, as well as on profits from purchases and sales of various mezzanine financing instruments.
Mezzanine debt is provided by lenders, usually funds ranging in size from millions to billions, specializing in such loans. They look to make loans to companies that can safely service higher debt levels.
I'm designing a warehouse with a mezzanine. i goggled all over and didn't really find information on how to model a mezzanine. I didn't find families, and it seems most people use a floor. I can try that, but wonder if you guys have some advice?
I also wonder if it is better to use the ground floor and have the mezzanine elevated, or if the mezzanine should be a new level. i see both ways working, but wonder if there is a better option. I also want to add the stairs etc.
I have two separate schematic symbols with corresponding related footprints created for Main board and Daughterboard. My basic quandary now is how to exactly position the two footprints so that the two boards line up in Pcbnew with the proper connectors and 3D view of the connector from the library. I have the following:
From what you are showing, I presume you have a RPi 2B daughterboard footprint in your library with the headers/pads located in that so when you overlay in Pcbnew with your motherboard outline (shown above) you get the holes in you mother board. You perform the alignment with a graphic to pad alignment rather than pad to pad alignment; it cuts down on the issue of a double hole. I can do that and not tempt any layout issues with double holes.
'm finding for various reasons I would like to mix layout with either just references of actual holes. For example I made one of the mounting holes on my main board an actual through hole with ground connection so I had to go back and change that particular mounting hole from NPTH,Mechanical to Through hole to do that.
You will be able to use any board footprint as either mother or daughter board and the important information will be handed through without any further work to keep stuff in sync and a low chance to screw things up.
Thanks, I actually prefer to have the physical properties of the holes in the various footprints even if it is duplicated in another footprint. Then the layout only carries the Edge-Cuts. Maybe it is for no other reason than I know I have the exact same thing to alighn between the various footprints instead of worrying if a graphics is the same as a PTH or NPTH.
EDIT:
I had FreeCAD installed after reading some of the posts but could not find anyway to change the ellipses. I then downloaded LibreCAD and did a save as R12 and then imported into KiCAD. Ironically I got the mounting holes but none of the connector info which is really what I was missing from the mechanical drawing I already had.