Dash Cam Importance
Ceasar Doyle
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Clark, KP, Rieger, RH, Bruno, RF, and Stearne, DJ. The NFL combine 40-yard dash: how important is maximum velocity? J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1542-1550, 2019-This investigation analyzed the sprint velocity profiles for athletes who completed the 40-yard (36.6 m) dash at the 2016 National Football League (NFL) Combine. The purpose was to evaluate the relationship between maximum velocity and sprint performance, and to compare acceleration patterns for fast and slow athletes. Using freely available online sources, data were collected for body mass and sprint performance (36.6 m time with split intervals at 9.1 and 18.3 m). For each athlete, split times were used to generate modeled curves of distance vs. time, velocity vs. time, and velocity vs. distance using a monoexponential equation. Model parameters were used to quantify acceleration patterns as the ratio of maximum velocity to maximum acceleration (vmax/amax, or τ). Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between maximum velocity and sprint performance for the entire sample. In addition, athletes were categorized into fast and slow groups based on maximum velocity, with independent t-tests and effect size statistics used to evaluate between-group differences in sprint performance and acceleration patterns. Results indicated that maximum velocity was strongly correlated with sprint performance across 9.1, 18.3, and 36.6 m (r of 0.72, 0.83, and 0.94, respectively). However, both fast and slow groups accelerated in a similar pattern relative to maximum velocity (τ = 0.768 0.068 seconds for the fast group and τ = 0.773 0.070 seconds for the slow group). We conclude that maximum velocity is of critical importance to 36.6 m time, and inclusion of more maximum velocity training may be warranted for athletes preparing for the NFL Combine.
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Example: Though making a production about a winning horse has its dilemmas (having the space and the janitors necessary) and the normal problems expected in any play (big egos, emotional cast, and a low budget), it is an immense satisfaction to make it happen.
A while ago, my family and I visited my aunts and cousins in Ohio. It was the first time that both sides met one another. My kids had a blast getting to know people they had only heard about in stories.
While we were in Ohio, we decided to do a college tour for my daughter. During our tour, we were blessed to attend services at the on-campus chapel. The priest shared the following poem during his homily:
I am mostly happy with the person I am, but as a leader in my home, in my community and in my business, I will be more thoughtful about the strength of the dash that will be on my tombstone. How about you?
The reconstruction of dynamic of traffic injuries remains a challenge in forensic pathology and is often based on circumstantial data. Dash Cams are digital video recorders which can be located inside a vehicle and continuously record the view through the windscreen, thus providing objective evidence. Here we present the case of a traffic crash in which a pedestrian was hit by an articulated lorry. The analysis of a video recorded from a Dash Cam retrieved inside the vehicle during the death scene investigation (DSI) was crucial in the reconstruction of the manner of death. Indeed, the death, which was initially assumed to be accidental, was finally deemed as a suicide on the basis of the video recording, which showed an intentional and sudden rush of the victim to the middle of the roadway. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of Dash Cams will be discussed, focusing on the profound differences in the related national and international regulations. Based on the present case, in traffic crashes, the search for Dash Cams during the DSI may be recommended and the video recordings should be analyzed in the setting of a multidisciplinary and multimodal evaluation of the case, for a proper reconstruction of the facts.
The reconstruction of the dynamics of a traffic crash is usually achieved by interviewing involved subjects, eyewitnesses and through post-collision mechanical or engineering examination. For some incidents, circumstantial data may be enough to resolve questions concerning the crash [1]. However, sometimes circumstantial data is missing, there are no eyewitnesses, or drivers and passengers do not survive to tell their stories or they have difficulty recalling the details of the events as a result of the injuries sustained in the collision. In addition, especially when the collection of statements from eyewitnesses is delayed, the recollection of the events becomes increasingly difficult over time [2,3,4,5]. Sophisticated computer software programs and reconstruction models can also be applied, with good estimation of the dynamics of the crash, though the degree of certainty required for criminal proceedings is rarely achieved [6, 7]. Other sources for pre-crash information (e.g. vehicle speed, acceleration, brake application etc.) could be obtained from event data recorders (EDRs). Even the airbag opening might trigger the collection of such data, which could be used in the incident investigation [8, 9].
The aim of this study is to present a case in which the video-recording captured from a Dash Cam was crucial to properly reconstruct the events of a crash. In order to verify the inevitability of the collision and the reliability of Dash Cam data, the assessment of the dynamics was performed by comparing Dash Cam footage with standard mathematical formulas. The benefits and the legal issues related to the use of Dash Cams will be discussed.
As reported by an eyewitness, a 30-year-old male driver ran off a straight road, got out of his severely damaged car and walked for a while on the roadside. The man was in an apparent state of confusion. After a few minutes walking, he was hit by an articulated lorry (Volvo FH 460) that was driving in the opposite direction. At the death scene investigation (DSI), the body of the victim was found in the field on the side of the road, about 10 m from the point of presumed impact. The anterior right headlamp and the anterior right part of the bumper of the truck were damaged after the crash (Fig. 1A). Law enforcement officers retrieved a Dash Cam from the dashboard of the articulated lorry and cannabis products inside the car of the victim. According to circumstantial data, the man did not suffer from depression or other psychiatric diseases.
Medico-legal autopsy was performed 24 h post-mortem. The external examination demonstrated multiple extensive traumatic injuries. Abrasions and bruises were observed on the right side of the head (Fig. 1B, 1), on the right umbilical region (Fig. 1B, 2), on the posterior surface of the right shoulder (Fig. 1B, 3), on the right elbow, forearm and hand (Fig. 1B, 4) and on the right lateral side of the pelvis (Fig. 1B, 5). The cadaveric section showed a subarachnoid extensive hemorrhage at the right parieto-temporo-occipital side, a displaced temporo-parietal right fracture and a displaced fracture of the base of the skull with multiple bone fragments. The brain showed multiple contusions, mainly involving the temporal and parietal areas. Lung contusions and liver lacerations were additionally observed. The cause of death was deemed as polytrauma with neurogenic shock.
The images captured by the Dash Cam provided information about the date, time (in hours, minutes and seconds), speed and geolocation (using north and east coordinates) of the vehicle (Figs. 2 and 3.1). The truck was travelling at a speed of 77 km/h on a major road with a speed limit of 70 km/h (Fig. 3.2A ). The road lacked sidewalks and was very narrow. After walking for a while on the right roadside, the man suddenly rushed at the middle of the roadway (Fig. 3.2B) and remained there. He turned the trunk and the head a little to the left and squatted, raised the right forearm to the head level with the exposure of the dorsal side of the right hand, waiting for the impact, with no attempt to get out of the way of the truck (Fig. 2A-J). At this moment, through geolocation coordinates analysis, it was possible to calculate that the articulated truck was located at a distance of about 21 m from the man in the middle of the road. The collision between the body of the man and the front of the articulated truck occurred in a timeframe equal to or less than 1 s (decimals are not available) (Fig. 3.2C). The speed of the articulated truck began decreasing approximately one second after the impact and the vehicle stopped 7 s after the impact (Fig. 3.2D).
In addition, the Dash Cam analysis provided the geolocation of the point of impact with the pedestrian and the final stopping point of the articulated truck. By using the geolocation in satellite navigation systems (e.g. Google Maps), a stopping distance of 87 m was reconstructed between the impact point and the stopping point.
In general, stopping distance, which includes the time it takes to react to a hazard (reaction distance) and the time it takes for the brakes to stop the car (braking distance) [18,19,20], may be calculated by mathematical formulas.
Thus, in this case, basing on the speed at the moment of impact (77 km/h or 21.39 m/s) and taking into consideration the average reaction time reported in the literature in a healthy subject (about one second) [20], it is possible to calculate the RD:
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