Pharmaceutics Lecture Notes Ppt

[Clide Birkner]

ObjectiveTo assess student perceptions regarding: 1) exercises designed to enhance student comprehension of the roles of pharmaceutical excipients in dosage forms and 2) the use of resources to identify the roles of excipients.

Description: In-class exercises regarding the roles of excipients were implemented in a foundational pharmaceutics course. The exercises covered the topics of liquid single-phase systems, liquid multiphase systems, drug delivery to the skin, and parenteral, ophthalmic, and nasal dosage forms. Students were introduced to resources to identify the roles of excipients. The exercises included the presentation of pharmaceutical preparations with various fundamental excipients, followed by student polling and class discussion. A survey was administered to evaluate student perceptions regarding the exercises about the roles of excipients and the use of resources to identify the roles of excipients.

Findings: Eighty students participated in the study (response rate = 99%). Student perceptions indicated that the exercises helped them understand the material better and enhanced their performance in the non-sterile compounding course taught concurrently with the pharmaceutics course. Students indicated that the resources they used during the exercises were lecture notes from the course (95%), lists with excipients that the instructor provided (24%), a Web search, e.g., Google, Bing (20%), the sixth edition of the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (18%), Micromedex/Martindale (16%), and the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding (6%).

Conclusion. Targeted excipient exercises are a practical approach to enhance student understanding and can be utilized in pharmaceutics and non-sterile compounding courses across various pharmacy curricula.

Lecture Notes are health learning materials consisting of related discussion points for use by faculty as class lectures, student reading material, and study notes for the students. They are created using the same process as modules, except that initial drafts are from a collection of lecture notes from faculty members.

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Pharmaceutical science can benefit and transform patients' lives. Spanning the worlds of chemistry and biology, it discovers, develops and analyses medicines and pharmaceutical products. If you're considering a career in the pharmaceutical industry, this course will give you the knowledge and practical skills for success.

This course explores drug discovery and development, pharmacology, toxicology and immunology. You'll examine the most effective ways that medicines are manufactured, packaged, stored and administered. You'll take part in innovative research, including new methods of drug delivery and drug synthesis.

This course is currently being revalidated for 25/26 entry. We are reviewing our modules to enhance the student-centred learning experience. This includes updating course content to meet industry needs and ensuring you develop the skills needed to become a future-proof graduate.

This module provides an introduction to basic laboratory techniques and procedures such as weighing and volumetry, proceeding to descriptions of laboratory manipulations, elemental analysis and general practical knowledge. You will be introduced to spectroscopic techniques in terms of simple theory, as well as a practical introduction to the identification of simple organic compounds. These compounds will sometimes be synthesised in the course of the practical element of the module, which will also serve to demonstrate laboratory techniques of preparation and purification of these organic materials.

This is a core module for all chemistry and pharmaceutical science programmes. The module aims to give you a thorough grounding in mathematics, statistics, key and transferable skills (e.g. exam strategy, effective use of calculators, library and referencing, avoiding plagiarism, problem-solving and personal development planning etc.) and IT skills.

This module will refresh your foundation knowledge of the core chemistry concepts required for progress within the field of pharmaceutical science and biochemistry. It includes atomic and molecular structure within various bonding models, the principles of functional group interconversions and synthesis. You will also be introduced to the laws of kinetics and thermodynamics and apply them to simple chemical and pharmaceutical systems.

This module will cover cell biology and microbiology, particularly with reference to human physiology and the pathological microorganisms affecting it. You will be introduced to the fundamental principles of the biochemical processes that occur within the cell, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure, basic tissue types, microbial entities and organisms such as viruses, bacteria and fungi.

Year 2 places emphasis on organic and medicinal chemistry and develops practical skills, especially in pharmaceutical analysis - important in relation to the actions and characterisation of drugs. Building on the pharmaceutical chemistry learned in Year 1, you will study the properties and formulation of pharmaceuticals. You will also study the effect of drugs in living systems and the principles of the immune system. There will be an introduction to micro-organisms in relation to human disease, their control and safe working practices. You will explore organic and medicinal chemistry applied to the design and synthesis of drug molecules. Year 2 also focuses on the experimental aspects of pharmaceutical science, developing skills for conducting independent laboratory investigations. There is also the opportunity to develop other transferable skills, important to your employability and career planning.

You will expand your knowledge of both Organic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry subject areas and introduces important principles, reactions and mechanisms in organic chemical reactivity as well as basic mechanisms of drug action. You will develop your understanding of the methodology of organic synthesis following concepts introduced in Year 1, and study important organic chemistry topics such as carbanion reactivity of carbonyl compounds, the reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, stereochemistry, asymmetric synthesis and retrosynthesis

It also introduces the specific reasons why a small amount of a drug molecule can exert a complex biological response. It uses examples from a range of medicinal areas in order to illustrate these key processes as well as giving an introduction on the ideas of drug design and the role this plays in the modern pharmaceutical industry. This module also gives you experience of using spectroscopic techniques for chemical structure elucidation.

This module incorporates elements of pharmacology, toxicology, immunology and pharmaceutics (including formulation science). The module gives a grounding in the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion which underlies many of the toxicological and pharmacological effects of biological agents. You will explore how drug formulation affects the bioavailability of a drug and how the physiology of the human system affects these processes. You will explore recent developments in drug development involving antibodies as therapeutic agents, and the major factors involved in the effective and safe delivery of therapeutic agents to human populations. You will also examine the effects and response to environmental, chemical and microbial toxins.

This module introduces you to the applications of analytical science within analytical biochemistry, clinical chemistry, forensic analysis and the pharmaceutical sciences. It allows you to build your knowledge, practical skills and interpretation skills whilst implementing the analytical process model using scenario-based learning. You will learn the principles of the stages within the analytical process model, including understanding sampling methods, sample preparation, errors and statistics and data recording in analytical science. This module will enable you to select and optimise appropriate analytical methods to solve problems in biomedical, forensic and pharmaceutical cases.

This module deals with new laboratory techniques to enable development of practical skills and data interpretation through a range of experiments that encompass organic synthesis, drug formulation and pharmacology/immunology. You will gain the skills and explore methodologies to partake in a research programme, such as literature searching, data analysis and producing a short critical analysis of a research article. You will learn how to use appropriate computer-aided resources to complete assignments, draw chemical structures; to retrieve information from databases and analysis of data and/or research paper.

An optional sandwich year between Years 2 and 3 provides the opportunity to gain experience of how pharmaceutical science is applied in an industrial situation. The industrial placement tutor will help you find a paid placement.

Final year exposes you to specialised areas of pharmaceutical science which includes how drugs are manufactured in industry and how they are introduced onto the shelf. You will learn about new and innovative research linked to pharmaceutical science including new methods of drug delivery. You will also undertake a year-long research project, applying, in an experimental context, the theoretical knowledge you have gained in the previous two years. Final year has option modules: one develops and enhances analytical skills, crucial to all aspects of the production of pharmaceuticals in the UK; the other deepens knowledge of natural product chemistry.

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