ohienri nerrone langundo
Giorgina Makara
I pulled this chapter together from dozens of sources that were at times somewhat contradictory. Facts on the ground change over time and depend who is telling the story and what audience they're addressing. I tried to create as coherent a narrative as I could. If there are any errors I'd be more than happy to fix them. Keep in mind this article is not a technical deep dive. It's a big picture type article. For example, I don't mention the word microservice even once :-)
Given our discussion in the What is Cloud Computing? chapter, you might expect Netflix to serve video using AWS. Press play in a Netflix application and video stored in S3 would be streamed from S3, over the internet, directly to your device.
Another relevant factoid is Netflix is subscription based. Members pay Netflix monthly and can cancel at any time. When you press play to chill on Netflix, it had better work. Unhappy members unsubscribe.
The client is the user interface on any device used to browse and play Netflix videos. It could be an app on your iPhone, a website on your desktop computer, or even an app on your Smart TV. Netflix controls each and every client for each and every device.
Everything that happens before you hit play happens in the backend, which runs in AWS. That includes things like preparing all new incoming video and handling requests from all apps, websites, TVs, and other devices.
In 2007 Netflix introduced their streaming video-on-demand service that allowed subscribers to stream television series and films via the Netflix website on personal computers, or the Netflix software on a variety of supported platforms, including smartphones and tablets, digital media players, video game consoles, and smart TVs.
Netflix succeeded. Netflix certainly executed well, but they were late to the game, and that helped them. By 2007 the internet was fast enough and cheap enough to support streaming video services. That was never the case before. The addition of fast, low-cost mobile bandwidth and the introduction of powerful mobile devices like smart phones and tablets, has made it easier and cheaper for anyone to stream video at any time from anywhere. Timing is everything.
Building out a datacenter is a lot of work. Ordering equipment takes a long time. Installing and getting all the equipment working takes a long time. And as soon they got everything working they would run out of capacity, and the whole process had to start over again.
The long lead times for equipment forced Netflix to adopt what is known as a vertical scaling strategy. Netflix made big programs that ran on big computers. This approach is called building a monolith. One program did everything.
What Netflix was good at was delivering video to their members. Netflix would rather concentrate on getting better at delivering video rather than getting better at building datacenters. Building datacenters was not a competitive advantage for Netflix, delivering video is.
It took more than eight years for Netflix to complete the process of moving from their own datacenters to AWS. During that period Netflix grew its number of streaming customers eightfold. Netflix now runs on several hundred thousand EC2 instances.
The advantage of having three regions is that any one region can fail, and the other regions will step in handle all the members in the failed region. When a region fails, Netflix calls this evacuating a region.
The header image is meant to intrigue you, to draw you into selecting a video. The idea is the more compelling the header image, the more likely you are to watch a video. And the more videos you watch, the less likely you are to unsubscribe from Netflix.
The first thing Netflix does is spend a lot of time validating the video. It looks for digital artifacts, color changes, or missing frames that may have been caused by previous transcoding attempts or data transmission problems.
A pipeline is simply a series of steps data is put through to make it ready for use, much like an assembly line in a factory. More than 70 different pieces of software have a hand in creating every video.
The idea behind a CDN is simple: put video as close as possible to users by spreading computers throughout the world. When a user wants to watch a video, find the nearest computer with the video on it and stream to the device from there.
In 2007, when Netflix debuted its new streaming service, it had 36 million members in 50 countries, watching more than a billion hours of video each month, streaming multiple terabits of content per second.
At the same time, Netflix was also devoting a lot of effort into all the AWS services we talked about earlier. Netflix calls the services in AWS its control plane. Control plane is a telecommunications term identifying the part of the system that controls everything else. In your body, your brain is the control plane; it controls everything else.
In 2011, Netflix realized at its scale it needed a dedicated CDN solution to maximize network efficiency. Video distribution is a core competency for Netflix and could be a huge competitive advantage.
The number of OCAs on a site depends on how reliable Netflix wants the site to be, the amount of Netflix traffic (bandwidth) that is delivered from that site, and the percentage of traffic a site allows to be streamed.
Within a location, a popular video like House of Cards is copied to many different OCAs. The more popular a video, the more servers it will be copied to. Why? If there was only one copy of a very popular video, streaming the video to members would overwhelm the server. As they say, many hands make light work.
Right now, up to 100% of Netflix content is being served from within ISP networks. This reduces costs by relieving internet congestion for ISPs. At the same time, Netflix members experience a high-quality viewing experience. And network performance improves for everyone.
What may not be immediately obvious is that the OCAs are independent of each other. OCAs act as self-sufficient video-serving archipelagos. Members streaming from one OCA are not affected when other OCAs fail.
Looking for a VPN app for my iPad, so that I can watch Netflix or other US streaming apps in Europe. Any real world experience and recommendations?
Thanks in advance.
Don't need flames or moral judgments about why I want to watch Netflix (or any other streaming app) while in Europe. I am going to be there for 6 weeks and I be won't visiting tourist sites in the late night and would like to catch up on my shows.
Alternatively, can you just download before leaving US? It saves on streaming speeds, and (possibly) eating up someone else's monthly wifi allotment. (When staying in a short let apartment, this used to be a problem).
I had Hulu and Netflix on my phone and tablet if I had internet access I could watch both of them in France, Austria and Germany. I also downloaded a few shows so I could watch off line. Like you said sometimes in the evening before going to sleep you might like to watch a something.
I have my own VPN setup at home. (It's fairly easy if you are a techie.) Consider asking someone to set up a home VPN for you before you leave. If you have to pay someone to do it, at least you won't have to pay for the VPN, and you will not have to rely on a third party for VPN support. Some home routers already support a VPN. If not, a spare router that supports VPN can be set up with VPN and can be added to your home network. Again, I assume the average person is not tech savvy enough to do this so that you'd need to have someone set it up for you. It wouldn't be worth paying $500 to have it set up, but it might be worth $100 - or buy dinner for a tech savvy friend who does it for you.
Me too. I am currently in Spain and watching Netflix on my iPad most nights. My threshold for dubbed episodes of Bonanza, CSI, Rizzoli and Isles and Crossing Jordan is pretty low and the only English language options are CNN and BBC Global.
I watch a lot of travel vloggers and they all pitch Surfshark (obviously because they are paid to do so). Each vlogger also offers a discount code. Try finding one at Paul Lucas Winging It, for example.
Notwithstanding Netflix's machinations over password sharing, a VPN is not going to be necessary to stream Netflix in Europe. The VPN will certainly allow you to get the US Netflix catalog and your saved list uninterrupted. Plus there are US only streaming services that a VPN would work for.
But the problem with streaming in the US is that the market is structured to the point that every little production house believes their catalog is worth being paid for through their own streaming service and are stingy with licensing in the US. It truly becomes a matter of quantity over quality. The US Netflix catalog just blows. On the other hand the European Netflix catalog is superior with content not licensed to Netflix in the US, is licensed to Netflix in Europe.
My NetFlix works fine in Europe. Watched it last night. Sure, what's available is a bit different, but not much, and it gives me the chance to see things not available in the US. So what could be a restriction can also be a benefit.
We were in Europe twice last year for one month each time (Germany and England) and found that most of our streaming services did not allow us to access what we wanted to watch on our iPhones and iPads. After some online research we chose NordVPN, and it worked well. It allows for multiple devises to be connected at the same time (although we hardly ever used that feature), and had a similar annual cost to the other vpn services. Also the download speed was very similar to that observed without using the vpn.
Using a VPN does not technically violate their terms of service. But legally, they are not allowed to show certain content outside of the country where you have an account, so if you are using a VPN to do that, you would be violating their TOS.
I tried to find the service contract on line, but no luck. I did find hundreds of articles about how to watch content that is not being offered .... which I take to mean, take what isn't being paid for (because neither you, nor NetFlix could possibly afford to buy world wide rights to all the copyrighted material on NetFlix).
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