美国哈佛格式全面详解--51due英国论文代写网精选

[51Due英国论文代写网]

通常很多国家会采用美国哈佛格式作为论文指导，哈佛格式是使用最广泛的一种论文格式，论文格式为三种，还有两种是APA、MLA等。哈佛格式有哪些要求呢，下面51due论文代写平台介绍一下美国哈佛格式的要求，这应该是十分全面了，英文的形式可能有点头疼，不过留学生也应当习惯了。

This guidehas been produced by the ASU in response to questions from Business Schoolstudents about the important subject of accurate referencing.  It isessential for you to reference your work thoroughly because everything youwrite for the Business School is 'evidenced' - your discussion and argumentsshould consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert' practitioner experience.These two main sources (theory and practice) MUST be referenced throughout yourwriting.  Readers must be able to see which words are your own words andwhat sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions. Goodreferencing is ESSENTIAL because:

1) Your tutormust be able to check your source.

2) Otherreaders might want to follow up your work.

3) Your tutorneeds to see if you are reading and understanding course material and booklists.

4) If you donot reference, you can be accused of stealing the work and ideas of others, andthis is the serious offence of Plagiarism.

The UHBusiness School uses the Harvard referencing system. ASUhave produced a 'standardised' version from the many different variations ofHarvard that are available because it is important to be consistent with allyour references. ASU worked with IH consultants to produce this standardreferencing format for the Business School.  Harvard is a modern'author-date' system and should not be used in the same documentwith the older footnote system ('historical' system) whichcontains numbers in the text and footnotes. The complete reference consists of two parts: an in-text citation and a finalreference in the list ofReferences, which has the followingorder:

HARVARD BASIC ORDER OF INFORMATION

Harvard is an 'AUTHOR DATE' system, and (if known), you must record the information in this order:

Author (Year) Title. Place of publication: Name of publisher.

If you do nothave any part of the information, you will have to leave it out or indicate youdo not have it with 'date unknown' for example. Very rarely is the 'authorunknown' although it may be a 'corporate' author. You can reference ANY sourcesusing Harvard - the rule is keep the same order of information as above.

WHO WROTE THEWORK?

WHEN DID THEYWRITE IT?

WHAT IS THE NAMEOF THE WORK?

WHERE CAN ITBE FOUND?

References and Bibliography

Referencesare NOT the same as a Bibliography. Your lecturer may ask you to put either oneof these, or both at the end of your assignment.  Whichever you use, theHarvard style is the same and it must be arranged alphabetically. Here are thedifferences:

References

Referencescontain a list of all the sources you actually used and 'cited' in the text.

Bibliography

ABibliography contains all the sources of information that you used as'background' reading for the assignment but you did not actually cite thesesources in the text.  A Bibliography should not only include books, butany background sources that you think should be mentioned. Do not make a longBibliography to impress. Only include items that you think provide usefulinformation for the reader.

Remember:

1.    References / Bibliography must bearrangedalphabetically, according to author.

2.    A Reference list must contain an entry for each in-textcitation.

3.    Other sources, not cited in the text, should go in aseparate Bibliography.

4.    Always note the full details of your references andquotes as you read and write, so that you do not forget your sources. It willthen be easier to make the final list of References.

5.    Include a page number if your citation is a directquotation from your source, otherwise, page numbers are not normally required,although there will be some exceptions.

6.    Make a final check when editing your work thateachin-text citation also appears in the References.

7.    Do not mix Harvard with other referencing systems(i.e. do not use 'ibid', 'op.cit', etc.)

8.    UHBS Harvard Referencing does not use numbering, footnotesand endnotes.

9.    Even though there are slight variationsofthe Harvard formatin use worldwide, the key issue is that you must be CONSISTENTand use the same style throughout.  The format in thisguide has been agreed by the ASU, LIS and interested UHBS staff.

10.  Only reference the sourcesyou actually use(see primary and secondary sources below).

11.  Take careful note of the different use of italics,inverted commas, etc. between different types of sources (e.g. books andjournals). Generally, the titles of books, journals and newspapers are put initalics. The titles of articles in journals are put in inverted commas.

12.  If your source is an electronic version, rather than apaper copy of a journal, book, newspaper or report, then you need to state[Online] to show that you read it online instead of hard copy.

13.  Use ‘Available at’ for URL (uniform resource locator)to identify a web address.

14.  Always include the date (day, month and year) that you'accessed' your web reference source.

Primary and secondary sources

Primarysources are the 'original' sources. Secondary sources are the sources referredto by other authors. This guide gives examples of both types of sources.Remember that ideally, you should always consult the primary source. However, whatever type of source you use, the golden rule is to onlycite and reference the source that you actually use.

Attribution tense

As a generalrule, use the present tense. For example, "Brown (1987) suggests…".even when the reference is not a current one. The concepts and issues referredto are considered to be still current.

Final list ofReferences

Consistentpunctuation and spacing are necessary in the References. Some general rulesapply:

1.    Authors' names:

2.    Use only the initials of the authors' given names.

3.    No full stops are used between initials.

4.    Titles of works:

5.    Only capitalise content words for the titles of books,book chapters and journal articles.

6.    In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers,capital letters should be used as they appear normally.

7.    Use italics for the titles of books, journals, andnewspapers.

8.    Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articlesin inverted commas (single quotation marks).

9.    Page numbering:

10.  Books: page numbers are not usually needed in theReferences.

11.  Journal articles: page numbers appear as the finalitem of the citation, followed by a full       stop.

12.  Use the abbreviations p. for a single page, and pp.for a page range, e.g. pp.11-12

13.  Whole citation:

14.  The different details, or elements, of each citationare separated by full stops.

15.  The whole citation finishes with a full stop.

Contents

Books

1 One author

2 Two authors

3 Several authors

4 Edited book

5 More than one book by the same author in thesame year

Journals

6 Author unknown

7 One author

8 Two authors

9 Author citing another author

Electronic Information

10 Electronic book

11 Electronic journal

12 Internet page - author known

13 Organisation website

14 Information databases – citing a journalarticle

15 Information databases – citing a report(author unknown)

16 Discussion group/Bulletin board

17 Virtual Learning Environments (StudyNet)

18 Conference proceedings (published on theInternet)

19 Electronic magazine or newsletter

20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)

21 Multiple references to the same website

22 Using an acronym (short forms oforganisation/institution names)

Other sources

23 Two articles by same author in same year

24 Reference material (dictionary,encyclopaedia)

25 Photographs

26 Newspaper or magazine article - unspecifiedauthor

27 Newspaper or magazine article – author known

28 Corporate author

29 Lecture notes (PowerPoint slides, handouts)

30 Personal communications (interview,conversation, fax, email, letter)

31 Research reports

32 CD-ROM

33 Film (DVD / Videocassette / film)

34 Full conference proceedings

35 Government/EU publication

36 Reports

37 In house publications

38 Thesis / dissertation

39 Translation (by translator)

40 Translation (by student)

41 Encyclopaedia entries

42 Exhibition guides/catalogues

43 Graphs (figures and tables)

44 Legislation

45 Case law

46 Television

47 Radio

48 Quotations

49 Quoting other students

50 YouTube Videos

Books

1 One author

In-text citation

As Barro (2008) suggests, the terms ‘micro’ and ‘macro’ economics are, to a large extent, misnomers.

References

Barro, R.J. (2008) Macroeconomics. 5th edn. London: MIT.

2 Two authors

In-text citation

Mahoney & Cripps (2008) have examined a number of related issues in this field.

References

Mahoney, D.& Cripps, M. (2008)International business: amanagerial perspective. 5th edn. Hong Kong: Pearson.

3 Several authors (use 'et al' for more than two authors)

In-text citation

A ‘boundaryless’ organisation is one "Whose design is not defined, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure" (Robbins et al, 2003:292).

References

Robbins, S.P., Bergmann, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2003) Management. 3rd edn. Sydney: Prentice Hall.

4 Edited book

In-text citation

Both qualitative and quantitative data have subjective aspects which must be controlled for (Mason,1994, in Bryman and Burgess,1994).

References

Mason, J. (1994) ‘Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis’. In Bryman, A. & Burgess R.G. (eds.) (1994) Analyzing Qualitative Data. London: Routledge.

5 More than one book by the same author in the same year

In-text citation

As Stevens suggests (2008a & 2008b) e-commerce business models must include the realisation that initially, transaction security is more important than market exposure.

References

Stevens, J. (2008a) E-commerce: The Future of Selling. London: Sage.

Stevens, J. (2008b) The Online Market Place. New York: Randall.

Journals

Only the title of the journal is put in italics.The title of the article is put in inverted commas.

6  Author unknown

In text citation

A recent British Medical Association (BMA) article (2009) highlights the economic impact of the problem of obesity.

References

BMA (2009) 'The impact of obesity on UK health care funding'. British Medical Journal. No. 10057. 28th June. p.13.

7 One author – journal article

In text citation

As O'Hara's survey (2007) shows marketing microstructures are not well understood.

References

O'Hara, M. (2007) 'Making Market Microstructure Matter'. Financial Management. 28(2) summer. pp. 83-91.

8 Two authors – journal article

In-text citation

Differing perceptions of organisational fairness provide grounds for resistant behaviour (Folger and Starbuck, 2002).

References

Folger, R. & Starbuck, D. (2002) 'Constraints on Change'. Journal of Organisational Change Management. 12(1) pp. 34-45.

9 Author citing another author

In-text citation

Current levels of competition demand that companies consider new ways of organising their accounting systems (Javier et al, 2005, cited in Poole et al, 2006).

References

Javier, M., Mathews, P. & Corcoran, G. (2005) 'Management Accounting for Global Growth'.Financial Management. 12(2) pp. 18-26. In Poole, A.M., Brown, R., Lauchan, L. & Roose, W. (eds.) (2006) Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. 33(10) pp.1402-1434.

Note: If the author of the chapter/idea cites yet another source, refer to No.9 above, e.g. Smith (2004, in Javier et al, 2005, in Poole et al, 2006) the reference list should contain complete details of all sources.

Electronic Information

10 Electronic book

In-text citation

Bowell & Kemp (2005) stress the importance of developing critical thinking in academic writing.

References

Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2005) Critical Thinking – a concise guide. 2nd edn. New York: Routledge [Online] Available at: http://www.HERTS.eblib.com/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=E_13[Accessed: 25th January, 2010]

11 Electronic journal

In-text citation

Watson (2007) argues that management accounting systems can be much more cost effective in relation to outsourcing.

References

Watson, M. (2007) 'Management accounting and budgetary control'. Public Finance Quarterly. 32(2) March. pp. 234-7 [Online] Available at: http://search.global.epnet.com [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

12 Internet page - author known

In-text citation

Yau (2009) is critical of the excessive regulatory structure applied to joint ventures in China.

References

Yau, W. (2009) Commercial law in Hong Kong. Available at: http://www.geocities.com/comlaw/hk/ [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

13 Organisation website

In-text citation

The diversity of risk factors affecting CEOs today has placed risk management at the forefront of CEOs’ concerns (Morgan Stanley, 2009).

References

Morgan Stanley (2009) Public Fund CIO Survey: Optimizing Resources to Meet Evolving Demands. Available at  http://www.morganstanley.com/views/perspectives/index.html#anchor7585 [Accessed: 25th January, 2010]

14 Information database citing a journal article, e.g. from Emerald; Ebsco, etc.

In-text citation

Macedo (2004) discusses new ways of designing the structure and working procedures of a manufacturing system.

References

Macedo, J. (2004) ‘Unified structural procedural approach for designing integrated manufacturing systems’.International Journal of Production Research. 42(17) pp. 356-378.Business Source Complete [Online] Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/bsi/results?vid=2&hid=113&sid=5c0a86c6-ece7-48cd-8a61-f24bce43b9f0%40sessionmgr103 [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

15 Information database citing a report – author unknown

In-text citation

A Mintel Report (2007) states that Venezuela’s oil revenues have allowed President Chávez to finance his “Bolivarian revolution” and to establish programmes to help the poor, at home and abroad.

References

Mintel (2007) Travel and Tourism – Venezuela – August 2007 [Online] Available at: http://academic.mintel.com/sinatra/oxygen_academic/my_reports/display/id=237192&anchor=atom#atom0 [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

16 Discussion group/Bulletin board

In-text citation

Customers appear very satisfied with this approach to refunds (Consumer Action, 2008).

References

Consumer Action (2008) Available by e-mail: conact@btinfonet [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

17 Virtual Learning Environments (e.g. StudyNet)

In-text citation

Bryant (2009) stresses that you should not rely too heavily on only a limited number of sources for your essays.

References

Bryant, T. (2009) UHBS ASU Guide to Essay Writing. [Online]. Available at: http://go.herts.ac.uk/bs.academicskills [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

18 Conference proceedings (published on the internet)

In-text citation

Lord (2010) shows how the sweeping reforms to China&#3

Lord (2010)shows how the sweeping reforms to China's economy have tended to produce a new'cultural revolution' in reverse.

References

Lord, J.(2010) 'FromHutong to Hu Jintao. Development and change in China: new marketingstrategies’.  American Chamber of Commerce in ShanghaiConference. 13 January.Shanghai: AMCHAM. Available at:http://www.amcham-shanghai.org/marketing/conf.aspx [Accessed:25th January,2010].

19 Electronic magazine or newsletter

In-text citation

Loyalty programmes are still popular amongst corporate travellers (American Express Corporate Travel Newsletter, 2010).

References

American Express (2010) Airline News. Corporate Travel Newsletter [Online]. Available at: http://www.aexp.be/topics/TravelersTools [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

20 Online images (graphs, diagrams)

In-text citation:

Figure 1 above (Morgan Stanley, 2009) shows that company listing activity increased dramatically in the third quarter.

References

Morgan Stanley (2009) IPOs 2009 [Online]. Available at: http//morganstanley.com/ipo/gtm [Accessed: 25th January, 2010].

21 Multiple references to the same website

In-text citation:

As can be seen, in 2009, Nokia was still in a dominant position in relation to other foreign entrants to the Chinese telecoms market (Nokia, 2009a).  It maintained this position through continued product innovation (Nokia, 2009b) and aggressive use of Special Economic Zone concessions (Nokia, 2009c).

References

Nokia (2009a) Business solutions. Available at: http//www.nokia-asia.com/nokia/0,1522.html [Accessed: 15

March, 2009].

Nokia (2009b) Phones and more. Available at:http//www.nokia.co.id/nokia/0,52246.html [Accessed: 15 March,

2009].

Nokia (2009c) Culture of mobility. Available at: http//www.nokia.co.id.nokia.com/fashion/culture.id05674.html

[Accessed: 15 March, 2009].

22  Using an acronym to reference a website

In text citation

Recent Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) research estimates that the total asset base of the United States' not-for-profit sector would actually make it only the sixth largest economy in the world (FASB, 2008).

References

FASB (2009) News Release. 11 September, 2009. Available at: http//www.fasb.org/news/nr100906.shtml [Accessed: 14 September, 2009].

Other sources

23 Two articles by same author in same year.

In-text citation

Bryant's assessments (1992a,1992b) of the Samburu economy in Northern Kenya remain seminal works.

References

Bryant, T. (1992a) 'Barter and hierarchy in Northern Kenya'. Proceedings of the First International Research Conference on African Nomads 2006. 15 November. Nairobi: FIRCAN: pp. 25-48.

Bryant, T. (1992b) 'Where there's blood, there's money'.  Ethnography Today. 2(3) pp. 12-27.

24 Reference material (dictionary, encyclopaedia)

In-text citation

The definition of a 'subsidiary' (Longman, 2008) stresses the element of complete control by another company.

References

Longman (2008) Dictionary of ContemporaryEnglish.22nd edn. Harlow: Longman.

25 Photographs

In-text citation

Source: Microsoft Online Images (2009)  http://www.51due.net/online-tutoring/writing-skills/sample502.html

Figure 1: Graduation Day

References

Microsoft Online Images (2006) Academic photos - graduating students [Online] Available at: http://office.microsoft.com/clipart/default.aspx?lc=en-gb [Accessed: 10 May, 2009].

26 Newspaper or magazine article - unspecified author

In-text citation

The tax office has asked 1000 of its staff to undergo controversial aptitude and psychological tests (The Sunday Times, 2008).

References

The Sunday Times (2008) Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff. 7 January, 2008. p.3

If it is an online newspaper:

The Sunday Times (2008) Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff. 7 January, 2008. p.3  [Online] Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/business/article34110.ece[Accessed: 2 June, 2009]

27 Newspaper or magazine article – author known

In-text citation

The tax office has asked 1000 of its staff to undergo controversial aptitude and psychological tests (Robson, 2008).

References

Robson, P. (2008) ‘Commission rejects plan to test Tax Office staff’. The Sunday Times. 7 January, 2008. p. 3.

28 Corporate author

In-text citation

The role of government in promoting the development of SMEs is increasing in importance (Department of Industry, Science and Technology, 2005).

References

Department of Industry, Science and Technology (2005) Government support for SMEs [138756DTI] London: HMSO.

29 Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, lecture handouts etc. (check that your lecturer allows citation)

In-textcitation

Bryant (2008) suggests that the term ‘sustainable tourism’ is one that has to be seen in relation to all stakeholders.

References

Bryant, T. (2008) Aspects of Tourism. PowerPoint slides [1BUS0025] University of Hertfordshire. 20 February, 2008.

30 Personal communication (interview; conversation; fax; email; letter)

Usually, this reference is only included in the text, but you can put an entry in the reference list if you wish.

In-textcitation

According to Smith (2009), there were important limitations to their initial approach to the case study.

References

Smith, K. (2009) CEO of DataFirst Ltd. Telephone conversation with Mike Courtney [31 January, 2009].

31 Research reports

In-text citation

A recent report (Miller, 2008) indicates the extent of subprime lending in the sector.

References

Miller, B. (2008) Subprime lending: redefining mortgages. Research Report 5489.  London: MS Intelligence Unit.

32 CD-ROM

In-text citation

Eckert (2008) explains how the notion of style is fundamental to advertising.

References

Eckert, P. (2008) Messing with Style. CD-ROM Band 7. E301. ‘The Art of English. Everyday Creativity’. Milton Keynes: Open University.

33 Film (DVD; videocassette; film)

In-text citation

In the late 70s, after releases such as ‘Taxi Driver’ (1976) by iconic directors such as Scorsese, cinemas began to expect to recoup almost the full cost of movies after only two weeks of general release.

References

Scorse

se, M. (1976)TaxiDriver [DVD] NewYork: Columbia-Warner.

34 Full conference proceedings

In-text citation

An ISBA conference (2008) again highlighted the issue of the excessive regulatory environment in the UK as being of increasing concern.

论文对格式的要求可以说是格外重视，哈佛格式作为通用的标准，将有利于留学生了解论文的一些要求。在美国基本都会使用哈佛格式。相信留学生看了之后，应该有了比较详细的了解，不过在写作时要注意到问题，还是比较难的，稍有不慎就会犯错误。因此可要当心了。

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