Discovery In India Suggests An Early Global Spread Of Stone Age Technology

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Discovery In India Suggests An Early Global Spread Of Stone Age Technology



https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/01/31/582102242/discovery-in-india-suggests-an-early-global-spread-of-stone-age-technology?utm_campaign=storyshare&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social


Discovery In India Suggests An Early Global Spread Of Stone Age Technology

January 31, 20186:28 PM ET

Somewhere around 300,000 years ago, our human ancestors in parts of
Africa began to make small, sharp tools, using stone flakes that they
created using a technique called Levallois.

The technology, named after a suburb of Paris where tools made this way
were first discovered, was a profound upgrade from the bigger,
less-refined tools of the previous era, and marks the Middle Stone Age
in Africa and the Middle Paleolithic era in Europe and western Asia.

Neanderthals in Europe also used these tools around the same time. And
scientists have thought that the technology spread to other parts of the
globe much later — after modern humans moved out of Africa.

But scientists in India recently discovered thousands of stone tools
made with Levallois technique, dating back to 385,000 years ago. These
latest findings, published Wednesday in the journal Nature, suggest the
Levallois technique spread across the world long before researchers
previously thought.
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The Indian team uncovered these tools at one of India's best known
archaeological sites — Attirampakkam, which is located near the
present-day city of Chennai in southern India.

"It has a very, very long history of occupation of different prehistoric
cultures in this one site," says Shanti Pappu, an archaeologist at the
Sharma Centre for Heritage Education in Chennai and one of the lead
authors of the new study.

The oldest artifacts from the site — big hand axes and cleavers — date
back all the way to 1.5 million years ago, and are associated with the
older Acheulian culture of the Early Stone Age.

The more recent tools, which date between 385,000 to 172,000 years ago,
are small and clearly made with Levallois technique; it relies on first
creating a starter stone in the shape of a turtle shell, then hitting
that preformed stone to create a flake with sharp edges.
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The flakes were used as knives and scrapers, scientists say; the
technique gave the toolmakers more control over the size and shape of
the tool.

"It's a very specific technology, very clearly identifiable and very
similar to what you see in Africa," says Pappu.

The more than 7,000 artifacts discovered at the site run counter to
what's been the prevailing theory about when the technology first
reached the region.

"It was believed that this particular cultural or behavioral package
perhaps came to India about 125,000 years ago, by modern humans
dispersing out of Africa," says Pappu. Another hypothesis suggested that
the technology came even later to India, around 70,000 years ago.

"The findings of this paper clearly knock those ideas out of the water,"
says paleoanthropologist Rick Potts, the head of the Human Origins
Program at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, who wasn't
involved in the study. "It has to be earlier."

"This is a marvelous discovery," says Michael Petraglia, at the Max
Planck Institute for The Science of Human History, who also had no role
in the recent research. "It fills a very important gap in our knowledge
of cultural history of humans in South Asia between 400,000 to 175,000
years ago."

The team in India found no human or hominin fossils at the site, which
makes it hard to know what ancestral human species lived here and made
these tools.

"It's a whodunit, and we don't have the answer," Potts says.

The authors think it could have been modern humans, Homo sapiens, who
moved out of Africa much earlier than currently believed, and brought
this technology with them.

Or, they say, a more ancestral hominin might have developed the
technology independently in India.

Petraglia thinks it's the latter, since there's no fossil evidence
anywhere in India suggesting that modern humans arrived there earlier.
However, fossil evidence does hint, he says, that a more ancestral human
species — Homo heidelbergensis — lived on the subcontinent and used some
of the older Acheulian technologies.

And, given that the Acheulian and Levallois technologies partially
overlap at this site, "I see that as continuity in the archaeological
record of India, rather than as an external influence," says Petraglia.

"It looks like the Neanderthals of Europe and the near East, as well as
the ancestors of Homo sapiens in Africa developed this ... Levallois
technique independently of one another," says Potts. It might have
developed independently in South Asia as well. "We're familiar in
history of independent inventions of things like the calendar in
different parts of the world."

Potts says what excites him most about the new finding is that it places
India prominently on the map of human innovation and toolmaking.

"It raises a question that all archaeologists should be asking right
now," he says. "What else was going on in India and how prominent was it
in the story of human origins?"

[Activity]

In article <9OSnJ.56384$JZ3....@fx05.iad>
FBInCIAnNSATerroristSlayer <FBInCIAnNSATe...@yahoo.com> wrote:

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[FBInCIAnNSATerroristSlayer]

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=======================================================================


https://www.smh.com.au/world/us-planning-to-recruit-one-in-24-americans-as-citizen-spies-20020715-gdfgbq.html

US planning to recruit one in 24 Americans as citizen spies

July 15, 2002 — 10.00am



The Bush Administration aims to recruit millions of United States
citizens as domestic informants in a program likely to alarm civil
liberties groups.

The Terrorism Information and Prevention System, or TIPS, means the US
will have a higher percentage of citizen informants than the former East
Germany through the infamous Stasi secret police. The program would use
a minimum of 4 per cent of Americans to report "suspicious activity".

Civil liberties groups have already warned that, with the passage
earlier this year of the Patriot Act, there is potential for abusive,
large-scale investigations of US citizens.

As with the Patriot Act, TIPS is being pursued as part of the so-called
war against terrorism. It is a Department of Justice project.

Highlighting the scope of the surveillance network, TIPS volunteers are
being recruited primarily from among those whose work provides access to
homes, businesses or transport systems. Letter carriers, utility
employees, truck drivers and train conductors are among those named as
targeted recruits.

A pilot program, described on the government Web site
www.citizencorps.gov, is scheduled to start next month in 10 cities,
with 1 million informants participating in the first stage. Assuming the
program is initiated in the 10 largest US cities, that will be 1 million
informants for a total population of almost 24 million, or one in 24 people.

Historically, informant systems have been the tools of non-democratic
states. According to a 1992 report by Harvard University's Project on
Justice, the accuracy of informant reports is problematic, with some
informants having embellished the truth, and others suspected of having
fabricated their reports.

Present Justice Department procedures mean that informant reports will
enter databases for future reference and/or action. The information will
then be broadly available within the department, related agencies and
local police forces. The targeted individual will remain unaware of the
existence of the report and of its contents.

The Patriot Act already provides for a person's home to be searched
without that person being informed that a search was ever performed, or
of any surveillance devices that were implanted.

At state and local levels the TIPS program will be co-ordinated by the
Federal Emergency Management Agency, which

was given sweeping new powers, including internment, as part of the
Reagan Administration's national security initiatives. Many key figures
of the Reagan era are part of the Bush Administration.

The creation of a US "shadow government", operating in secret, was
another Reagan national security initiative.