Unlike later Macs that kind uses an SSD which is a proprietary form
factor, but works like NVMe.
However, while there are numerous £5 adapters for putting an NVMe stick
into such a Mac, adapters for going the other way seem few. Search
'A1708 recovery adapter' and there is this for a frightening price:
https://www.hddheadtools.com/product/macbook-pro-a1708-pcie-ssd-recovery-adapter-smart/
or this a bit more reasonable:
https://digitalintelligence.com/store/products/tda7-7-pcie-ssd-adapter-for-apple-2016-products
but you then need a harness to attach to a PCIe slot (in a PC, you can
use it grab the disk image off the SSD)
It would probably be cheaper to buy another Macbook and swap the SSD
over...
Note that I think the Intel Macs with the T2 security chip (2018 and
later) use it to store the disc encryption keys, so if you pull the SSD
from one of those you can't swap it into another machine and read the
contents. The 2016/17 have the T1 chip and I *think* that doesn't hold
the keys, BICBW.
Theo