拉萨骚乱与洛杉矶骚乱的相似之处

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拉萨骚乱与洛杉矶骚乱的相似之处
徐明旭 冯源
3∙14骚乱与1992年的洛杉矶骚乱有相似之处，这对中国和世界都是一个警示。挑起这些事件的人都使用了争人权、反歧视、争取自由和正义等理由，然而广泛的抢劫、纵火、打砸、伤害生命却是事实的真相。在洛杉矶，白人、朝鲜裔、黑人的店铺被洗窃、砸烂、烧毁，53人丧失生命，许多人受伤。在拉萨，20座建筑被烧毁，908家店铺、120间房屋、7所学校、5家医院被砸烂，银行被抢，许多车辆被烧，18平民被杀害或烧死，400多人被打伤。洛杉矶和拉萨的骚乱者做了同样的事：他们从店铺里拿走所有他们能搬动的东西，殴打或者干脆杀掉妨碍他们行径的人，烧掉所有他们拿不走的东西。两地骚乱者的行为都具有仇富特征，表现出渴望通过剥夺他人一夜暴富，以及毁灭一切他们无法占有的东西的疯狂。在这种情形下，中美两国政府应对国内暴力骚乱的选择基本相同。这说明仇富情结是社会心理现象，存在于所有种族、民族文化群落、国家和社会之中。产生仇富情结的原因远比族群关系复杂，其强大的破坏力不容低估。
（译文）Lhasa 3•14 Riot carried strong similarities with Los Angeles Riot 1992, which gave the Chinese and the world a warning. Political reasons of human rights, anti-discrimination, and seeking for justice and liberty were used in both cases by some who initiated these events. However, wide-spread looting, arson, ransacking, plundering, and killing were the real happenings. In Los Angeles, the stores owned by White, Korean and Black Americans were looted, broken, and burnt; 52 people died, and many wound. In Lhasa, there were over 300 arsons and 20 buildings were burnt down; 908 stores and shops, over 120 houses, seven schools, and six hospitals defaced; banks robbed; vehicles burnt; 18 people died of violence, and over 400 people were wound. The material damage in Lhasa alone was over ￥300,000,000. The rioters in either LA or Lhasa did the same thing: they took what they could carry from the stores, beat or killed people who stood in their way, and put on fire what they left behind. The behaviors of the mobs in those riots shared a pattern of hatred against the rich, a desire to become rich overnight by depriving others, and a drive to ruin what they cannot own. It suggests that the hatred of the rich complex as a socio-psychological phenomenon exists across ethnic and cultural groups, races, and nations. Its causes are much more complicated than inter-group relations, and its damaging power must not be ignored.

1992年洛杉矶骚乱
1992年洛杉矶骚乱也叫罗德尼∙金起义或罗德尼∙金暴乱。1992年4月29日，洛杉矶法院裁定录像显示暴打黑人司机的4名白人警察无罪。几个小时后，骚乱爆发。该录像是一平民拍摄，经电视台编辑，向全国反复播放。最初伸张正义和争取公民权的诉求迅速发展成大规模骚乱，发生大量抢劫、纵火、殴打、杀人事件。
骚乱持续了数天，导致52人死亡（有的说是53人），超过2000人受伤，大约有10000人被捕， 5000多座建筑物被毁，造成超过10亿美元的财产损失(Lieberman, 1992)。据洛杉矶县警察局说，骚乱者大多是拉丁裔和非洲裔美国人(Chang & Diaz-Veizades, 1999)，白人占小部分。一群黑人男子攻击一名白人卡车司机的场景被拍摄下来，由电视台播出，场景与罗德尼∙金被殴打的场面十分相似。许多黑人拥有的商业场所也遭到抢劫，损坏或烧毁。有的白人街区也受到骚乱影响。破坏最严重的是韩裔社区。许多暴徒以亚裔商企为抢劫破坏目标，理由是这些商企剥削了黑人(Encarta, 2007)。在缺乏警察保护的情况下，韩裔店主采取极端措施，用猎枪和手枪对付纵火和抢劫者。为了平息骚乱，政府地方和联邦政府实施宵禁，派出国民警卫队，最后派出了陆军和海军陆战队。
（译文）The LA Riot 1992
The LA Riot 1992 is also called the Rodney King Uprising or the Rodney King Riots. It broke out on April 29, 1992 in Los Angels, a few hours after a jury acquitted four policemen accused in a videotaped beating of a black motorist following a high-speed pursuit. The amateur video was taken by an onlooker, edited by a television station, and then broadcasted nationwide repeatedly. The initial grievances for injustice and police brutality quickly developed into widespread riots of looting, arson, savage beating, and killing (Ellis et al, 1992).
The riot lasted for several days, ending with 52 people killed (some said 53), over 2000 injured, around 10,000 arrested, more than 5000 buildings defaced, resulting in over $1 billion in property loss (Lieberman, 1992). According to the Los Angeles County Sheriff Department, the crowd involved in the lawless actions was mostly of Latino and African Americans (Chang & Diaz-Veizades, 1999). A small portion of them were White people (See Slides 15-33). A brutal assault of a White truck driver by a group of black men was videotaped and broadcasted; the scene was very similar to the Rodney King beating. Some black-owned businesses were also looted, damaged, or burnt. Some White neighborhoods were affected. The most hurt was the more prosperous Koreatown. Many rioters targeted Asian-owned businesses, which they viewed as exploiting Blacks (Encarta, 2007). In the absence of police protection, the Korean store owners applied vigilante tactics and defended their businesses against arsonists and looters with shotguns and pistols. To control the large-scale disorder, the local and federal governments first exercised curfew, then dispatched National Guards, and eventually sent the Army and Marine soldiers.
2008年西藏骚乱
这个事件在中国被称为3•14骚乱。骚乱的起因是一个充满争议的话题，因为它并不像西方媒体报道的那样简单。根据中国官方消息、第三方观察者、以及一些西方报道，骚乱是由拉萨郊区哲蚌寺和色拉寺的僧侣在3月10日要求独立的游行引起。从一开始，警察劝说他们回到自己的寺院。他们中有的人因为违法行为在12日被带到警察局接受调查。次日，色拉寺的一些僧侣要求放回他们还在警察局的同伴。14日， 300多起纵火事件突然在拉萨同时发生，标志着这起近二十年来最严重骚乱开始。遵照上级指示，警察非常克制，骂不还口，打不还手。为了控制暴力行径蔓延，后来赶到的士兵和防暴警察只使用催泪弹和盾牌，没有开一枪（新华社，2008；BBC，2008）。（见图片34-55，音像-2）
在骚乱中，一些骚乱者大喊，“吃糌粑的都站出来！”（号召其他藏人加入他们打汉人和回人。）许多年轻男女西藏人冲到大街上烧杀抢掠。他们用石块、刀子、金属棍、木棍、甚至开水袭击警察。警察排成人墙保护学校、银行、商店、邮局和政府机构，他们手中无枪，只能用盾牌和头盔保护他们自己。暴徒袭击街上的汉族、回族甚至藏族的游客，一些人被打死。他们毁坏清真寺，焚烧古兰经；焚烧汽车、消防车、摩托车、自行车；抢劫百货公司、珠宝店、服装店，并纵火将店铺烧掉。这些抢掠者带走他们所能带走的，用从家具店抢来的床垫、桌子、椅子堵塞交通。小学生们受到惊吓，躲在学校的角落里发抖、啼哭。一些电站被毁，引起一些区域大规模停电（新华社，2008）。
（译文）Tibet Riot 2008
This event is also known as Lhasa 3•14 Riot in China. The cause of this event has been a controversial topic because it was not as that simple as was commented by the Western media. According to China’s official news agency, third-party observers, and some Western reports, the monks from Drepung and Sera Monasteries in suburban Lhasa stirred up the unrest by demonstrating for independence on March 10. The policemen persuaded them to return to their temples from the very beginning. A number of them were brought to the police station for investigation of their provocative lawless behavior on the 12th. On the next day, some Sera monks rallied for release of their fellows held in the police station. On the 14th, all of a sudden, over 300 arsons took place in Lhasa at the same time, horning the start of the worst riot in the past two decades there. Following the instruction from the authority, the policemen exercised high-degree restraint, never using abusive words, no fighting back when beaten. To control the widespread violence, the late-coming soldiers and riot policemen used tear gas and shields only (Xinhua News Agency, 2008; BBC, 2008). (See Slides 34-55.)
During the disorder, some rioters shouted slogans for independence and yelled, “These who eat zanba[1] come out!” (Asking other Tibetans to join them and beat non-Tibetan Chinese.) Many young Tibetans, male and female, rushed to the streets and did looting, robbery, arson, and physical assaulting. They attacked policemen with rocks, knives, metal and wooden sticks, and even boiling water. The riot policemen formed human walls to protect schools, banks, stores, post offices, and government buildings. What they could use to protect themselves were shields and helmets. The rioters attacked Han, Hui, and even Tibetan passengers they saw in the streets. They defaced Mosques and burnt the Koran; burnt vehicles, fire engines, motors, and bicycles; looted department stores; robbed jewelry and clothing shops before setting them on fire. The looters took away what they could carry, and blocked traffic with mattresses, tables, and chairs grabbed from furniture stores. Pupils were scared, crying and trembling at corners in their schools. Some power stations were broken, causing large-scale power out in several areas (Xinhua News Agency, 2008).