Uweinat Condensate

[Auriville Cha]

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Both dry and wet gas contain vaporized liquid hydrocarbons whose density or gravity is much less than crude oil. Condensates are the liquid form of these hydrocarbons that take their name from the process of removing them from the gas stream by processing with specific temperature and pressure.

Just as crude oil prices vary depending on region, quality, and gravity, condensate prices depend on where it is produced, gravity or BTU, and market demand. As of June 2021, a barrel of East Texas Condensate cost nearly $66.

Natural gas liquids (NGL) and condensate can generally be used interchangeably. NGLs and condensates both comprise a mixed stream of hydrocarbons representing light hydrocarbons, such as ethane, and heavier hydrocarbons, such as pentane.

Natural gas liquids are typically colorless and odorless under ambient conditions. Because field or lease condensate can contain toxic associated gases, care must be taken to avoid even a few breaths near storage tanks and vents.

Crude oil and natural gas liquids both represent varying grades and densities of liquid hydrocarbons. NGLs can be thought of as a very light oil. However, it is very volatile with higher BTU than crude, making it more dangerous to handle and transport.

NGLs are naturally occurring hydrocarbons that are lighter in molecular composition than crude oil or natural gas. They occur as vapor in natural gas and can be dissolved in crude oil or occur separately in oil reservoirs. Condensates form when their vapor pressure is lowered to the point that the natural gas liquids condense out of the gas stream into a liquid that can be stored at room temperature.

Once separated, treated, and refined, natural gas liquids have a wide range of applications, including petrochemical feed stocks used to create plastics, heating, and production of gasoline. Condensates are also a preferred diluent for blending with heavier Canadian crudes to improve pipeline flow.

Natural gasoline, or drip gas, is a byproduct of water separation, also called lease condensate. It is called lease condensate because the condensation process occurs in the field vs. a processing plant.

Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are hydrocarbons that can be condensed out of the gas stream, including ethane and propane, which are often grouped and referred to as liquified petroleum gas (LPG). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is liquid methane, however unlike condensates that remain liquids following separation or fractionation, LNG must be kept at -160 F primarily as an efficient method of transporting LNG by ship.

Most interstate pipelines limit the hydrocarbons that can be transported to 1,100 BTU per standard cubic foot (SCF). Because condensates can often have a minimum of 1,800 BTU they can only be transported safely following gathering and processing to reduce their BTU to less than 1,100.

Pressure and temperature cause the heaviest NGLs to fall out of the gas stream at different stages of the value chain either as a byproduct of gathering (such as compression and water separation) or through specific processes designed to condense and extract NGLs.

The combined stream of NGLs are transported to gas processing plants where it is often referred to as raw make or y-grade. One method of extracting ethane is cryogenic expansion, where the gas stream is dropped to -120 F to separate the lightest of the NGLs if economic.

There are hundreds of natural gas processing facilities in the US alone. The purpose of natural gas processors is to stabilize, treat, and separate methane (natural gas) and NGLs from wet and sour gas streams.

Following water separation in the field, the gas stream enters the natural gas liquids stabilization unit where it is preheated in the inlet heat exchanger. It then flows to an upper unit of the stabilization tower where lighter hydrocarbons rise and exit the vapor outlet, including methane, ethane, propane, and butane.

The heating unit stabilizer provides a continuous process in which heavier NGLs descend through the heater to flash off lighter hydrocarbons, which rise and exit the unit. Stabilized NGLs collect in the base of the tower then flow to the inlet heat exchanger where the stabilized liquids cool before flowing to storage tanks.

Vapor that exits the stabilization tower enters an ambient cooler and then to a low pressure NGL separator. Natural gas (methane) then flows to a compressor and exits the tailgate for sale. NGLs flow out of the separator into a blow case for compression and transport by pipeline or truck.

The pure NGL stream that exits stabilization and separation facilities is a combined stream of hydrocarbons that must be broken down further into their constituent molecules through the fractionation process. NGLs are fed in sequence into vessels with increasing heat and pressure that target specific NGLs. NGLs flow first into the deethanizer and then to the depropanizer, debutanizer, and last the deisobutanizer. The final product after the lighter hydrocarbons have been condensed out of the gas stream is plant condensate, which is typically Pentane Plus.

Ethane is entirely used as a petrochemical feed stock. Through the cracking process, it is transformed into ethylene and various household and commercial products that contain polyethylene, plastics, PVC, and polystyrene.

Propane has some petrochemical uses but is primarily an alternative heating source to methane and is typically used for outdoor grills and commercial heating applications. About 10% of propane is exported.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) provides reporting on OPEC oil & gas production. The definition of what constitutes NGLs varies widely within OPEC with some members defining it as light crude. As a result, OECD reports NGL production only from those countries who report it separately.

For reporting purposes, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) defines lease condensate as crude oil and plant condensate as a natural gas liquid. The Texas Railroad Commission reports all NGLs separately from crude oil. In addition, EIA and TRRC condensate production data may differ because of reporting lags across multiple state agencies and datasets that are continuously being updated as operators revise production volumes over time.

Today, more NGL than oil is exported from the Eagle Ford Shale, which spans 26 Texas counties from Temple and Waco to Laredo and Eagle Pass. The basin was the first to begin exporting condensates in 2014. The Eagle Ford has benefited from its close proximity to the ship terminals at Corpus Christi and exports are only expected to increase in the next decade.

Upgrade of the Umm Shaif gas project, commissioned last November, will increase the number of gas-producing wells and boost gas production to 1,045 from 400 MMscfd. This production rate will meet Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Co. Ltd.'s (Adgas) requirements for the its new third LNG train on Das Island.

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