Tesla Model 3 P3d

[Tarja Rabito]

TheTesla Model S is a battery electric executive car with a liftback body style built by Tesla, Inc. since 2012. The Model S features a battery-powered dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout, although earlier versions featured a rear-motor and rear-wheel drive layout.

Development of the Model S began prior to 2007, under the codename "WhiteStar". The Model S was officially announced on June 30, 2008, and a prototype vehicle was unveiled in March 2009. The Model S debuted on June 22, 2012.[8] A revised, dual-motor, all-wheel-drive version, known as the 60D, debuted on October 9, 2014. The 60D was followed by the 70D, which made dual-motor and all-wheel drive the standard, followed by the 85D, P85D, and P90D. Along with these updates, Tesla offered the Autopilot driving assistance system. The first major design refresh came in April 2016 when the Model S was updated with a new front hood design. In October of the same year, hardware became standard that supports Tesla's Full Self Driving (FSD) capability. As part of the update, integrated standard cameras around the car were added. In February 2017 the Tesla Model S P100D debuted, which included a revised motor and was the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range exceeding 300 miles (483 km). The second major design refresh, codenamed "Palladium", was introduced in June 2021, offering a new "Plaid" performance model, along with a revised interior, powertrain, and suspension.

The Model S became the first electric car to top the monthly new-car-sales ranking in any country, leading twice in Norway, in September and December 2013[9][10][11][12] and in Denmark in December 2015.[13] Sales passed 250,000 units in September 2018.[14][15][16][17] The Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016, although it was later surpassed by the Model 3.[18][19][20] Upon its release, the Model S received positive reviews, with praise for its acceleration and range, although initial models received criticism for their high cost and braking issues..mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 uldisplay:none

The Model S was developed by a team led by Franz von Holzhausen, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations.[21] Holzhausen drew upon the design of the CLS series of cars.[22] Codenamed "WhiteStar" prior to its official unveiling, the Model S was designed with an electric powertrain in mind, unlike other electric vehicles where the manufacturer swaps out an internal combustion engine with an electric motor.[23][24][25] As a result, the Model S offers features such as a front trunk ("frunk") in addition to a rear trunk and an enlarged crumple zone.[26]

In January 2007, Tesla announced plans to build consumer-level sedans starting in 2009;[27] production was later delayed to 2011.[28] The Model S was officially announced on June 30, 2008,[29][30] and a prototype vehicle was displayed on March 26, 2009.[31] In May 2010, Tesla announced it would produce the Model S at the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California.[32]

On October 9, 2014, Tesla introduced all-wheel drive (AWD) versions of the Model S 60, 85, and P85 models, designated by a D at the end of the model number (the P represents performance).[41][42][43] Deliveries of the P85D started in December 2014, with the 85D models following in February 2015, and the 70D models in April 2015.[42]

In September 2014, the Model S began to be equipped with cameras, forward looking radar[44][45] and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors that provided a 360-degree view, to be used with Tesla Autopilot. Autopilot later arrived in October 2015, as part of a software update.[46]

In June 2015, Tesla stated that the Model S had traveled over 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km), the first all-electric car to reach that total.[47][48] Globally, Model S sales passed 100,000 units that year,[49] and 150,000 in November 2016.[50] The 200,000 milestone was achieved by early in the fourth quarter of 2017.[14]

Throughout 2015, Tesla would make various changes to the Model S, including an enhanced powertrain that would last for one million miles.[51] An update that year introduced electromechanical brakes.[52] That same year, Tesla introduced a 70 kWh battery to replace the existing 60 kWh batteries and base 60 kWh Model S vehicles.[53][54] Tesla also introduced a 90 kWh battery as a "range upgrade" and explained that the 6% energy increase was due to "improved cell chemistry"[51] and the introduction of silicon into the cell's graphite anode.[55] After being discontinued the year prior, the 60 and 60D returned in 2016 with a software-limited, upgradeable 75 kWH battery and a new air filter, dubbed "Bioweapon Defense Mode".[56]

In April 2016, Tesla removed the black nose cone and added a body colored fascia.[57] The front fascia has a similar design as the Model X, adding adaptive LED headlights. A HEPA cabin air filtration system was added. The standard charger increased from 40 to 48 amps, speeding charging at higher power outlets. Two ash wood interior options were added.[58] In August of that year, Tesla announced the P100D with a "Ludicrous" mode option, a 100 kWh battery with 315 miles (507 km) of range,[59] weighing 625 kg in a 0.40 m3 volume, a density of 160 Wh/kg.[60]

In April 2017, Tesla discontinued the 60 kWh software-limited battery option. The lowest-capacity option subsequently became the 75 kWh battery. Additionally, Tesla significantly reduced the software upgrade options for the facelifted 60 and 70 models to be upgraded over-the-air to 75 (and rebadged at their next visit to a Tesla service center). In August 2017, Tesla announced that HW2.5 included a secondary processor node to provide more computing power and additional wiring redundancy to improve reliability; it also enabled dashcam and sentry mode capabilities.[62][63]

In March 2018, the Media Control Unit (MCU) was updated,[64] improving the performance of the center screen and adding games to the MCU such as Cuphead and streaming services such as Netflix to the MCU.[65] In May of that year, in collaboration with the Software Freedom Conservancy, Tesla released some of the internal source code of Model S on a GitHub repository as part of their software license compliance process.[66][67]

In May 2019, as part of an engineering refresh, the range of the Model S was increased to 370 mi (600 km) and smart air suspension was added.[68] The range would be increased further in February 2020 to 390 mi (630 km) of range.[69] In August 2020, the EPA updated the results of their range test of the Model S to 402 miles (647 km).[70]

In early 2021, with the introduction of an entirely new interior, now with landscape orientation of the MCU, more rear seat room, and a lightly modified exterior, Tesla changed the "Performance" and "Long Range" Model S branding in favor of "Plaid" and "Long Range," respectively. On June 10, 2021, the Model S Plaid was released at a delivery event at the factory with nearly 30 new owners taking delivery that evening; the Plaid version notably featured a return of the third-row seating, allowing a total of seven passengers,[citation needed] although third-row seating is not present within the consumer version of the car.[citation needed] The Long Range version was EPA-rated to a new high of 405 mi (652 km) when equipped with the standard 19" wheels, making it the longest range EV in the world at the time; the Plaid was listed at 396 mi (637 km) of range.[74]

The Model S is classified as a full-size luxury sedan in the United States, although the EPA refers to the Model S as a "Large Car"[75] (greater than or equal to 120 cu ft or 3.4 m3) or "Luxury Sedan".[76] The Euro Car Segment classifies the Model S as a S-segment (sports car);[77][78] in Germany, the Model S is classified as "Oberklasse" (F-segment).[79]

The P85 pack contains 7,104 lithium-ion battery cells in 16 modules wired in series (14 in the flat section and two stacked on the front).[86] Each module contains 6 groups of 74 cells[87] wired in parallel; the 6 groups are then wired in series within the module.[87][88][89][90]

The motor, controller and battery temperatures are controlled by a liquid cooling/heating circuit,[91] and the battery is not thermally insulated.[24] Waste heat from the motor heats the battery in cold conditions, battery performance is reduced until heated by motor generated heat until a suitable battery temperature is reached, in contrast to using an electric battery heater.[92] The battery can be pre-heated by a 6 kW internal heater, either from itself using battery power, or from a charger.[24]

The charge port is located behind a door in the left taillight.[101] During charging, the charge port pulses green. The pulse frequency slows as the charge level approaches full. When charging is complete, the light turns solid green.[101] The Model S comes equipped with a different charger and connector in North America versus other markets.[102]

While some Model S's were built with a base, steel spring, suspension, the vast majority have a self-leveling, height-adjustable air suspension. This is accomplished via adjustable Bilstein shock absorbers controlled by the driver. The car lowers itself at highway speeds and can be set to a higher level to traverse steep driveways and rough terrain, mitigating the default 6 in (150 mm) ground clearance and relatively long 116 in (2,900 mm) wheelbase.[105]

The suspension system has evolved via "over-the-air" software updates. The height adjustment feature remembers locations where the driver has requested higher clearance and automatically adjusts each time the car returns to that location.[106]

Autopilot uses cameras, radar and ultrasound to detect road signs, lane markings, obstacles, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic lights, and other vehicles. Additionally, Autopilot includes adaptive cruise control and lane centering and supports semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities.[108][109][110]

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