Gagarin First In Space Dvdrip __TOP__ Downloadl
Gabrielle Brownlee
From NASA, these images show astronauts from early space missions, to the space shuttle and international space station. The images can be used to illustrate human space exploration in a range of resources. Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space and Neil Armstrong, part of the Apollo 11 mission, was the first man on the moon.
This livery is an evocation of the anniversary of April 12, 1961, celebrated all over the world.
Sixty years ago, russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin created history by becoming the first human in space during a flight that lasted 108 minutes. On 12 April, the world marked the 60th anniversary of his extraordinary achievement, a feat of "courage and commitment for the benefit...of mankind".
Pakinam Amer: It was at 09.07 am Moscow time on April 12, 1961 that a new chapter of history was written. On that day, without much fanfare, Russia sent the first human to space and it happened in secrecy, with very few hints in advance.
Stephen Walker: It is a major philosophical leap for humankind, this is not just advanced Soviet v. America, it really isn't. And to think of it in those terms, is to miss the essential point. Because what I believe is that the first human being in space is one of the most epoch call moments in all human history.
There's an incredible story there, which I kind of talked about, where you get these two men who are both competing to be the first human in space. They are best friends. They are next door neighbors. And they have a child each the same kind of age little infant child, but Titov's child Igor dies at the age of eight months, right in the middle of their Cosmonaut Training, and the Gagarin husband and wife with their own child about the same age, a little girl ... they are incredible to him. They are and his wife, Tamara, they are locked in embrace, they are supportive, they are wonderful. And I know this because I interviewed Titov's wife in Moscow. And she told me all of this, it was quite incredible. She was in tears when she told me this stuff.
And there were, there was psychological textbooks that were written about something called space horror, was that the first human being divorced from the planet below divorce from life or life as we know it divorce for all of that sailing alone, and this is ultimate loneliness or isolation, in the vacuum of space in his little sphere, might go mad.
That's, that's what they dealt with, because they were they didn't know space, horror, insanity. So you're, again, it comes back to my saying at the very beginning, everything here is a first everything is an unknown, nobody's done it before. Nobody. And what increases that feeling of isolation that would have made the possibility of insanity a real one. Why they were so frightened was because they didn't have reliable radio communications with the ground.
I'm not sure if you'd actually say the majority, but a substantial part of his flight hidden nobody's talked to. He had nobody to talk to, except a microphone with a tape recorder that was installed inside his cabin. And as I say, in the book, it turns out that whoever installed the tape in the tape recorder didn't put enough tape in. So he ran out halfway around the world. And he sat there and made probably one of the few independent decisions that he made in the cabinet, in that Vostok spacecraft, which was to rewind the tape to the beginning, and then record over everything he just said. This is the first mind in space and that's what happened.
At the time of his address NASA had only just launched its first astronaut, Alan Shepard, into space. Americans had scarcely scratched the surface when it came to space exploration, and now they had less than a decade to put a man on the Moon. Nonetheless, with this new goal clearly defined NASA commenced with Project Apollo and redirected nearly all of its efforts towards achieving the manned lunar landing. Still, such a gargantuan task would require the development and construction of an equally gargantuan rocket, and this point was not lost on anyone. Neither the US nor the Soviets yet possessed a rocket of this scale. This meant that Moon race would be a contest that the US could start on equal terms, and with great effort, one they could win.
At the same time, NASA requested the development of a third rocket to fill the gap between the C-1 and C-5. The Saturn C-1, while powerful, would not possess the lift capacity to haul a full Apollo spacecraft into orbit. For this purpose an uprated Saturn C-1 was commissioned, using larger and more refined first and second stages.
With both stages proving functional NASA saw fit to install a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft to the Saturn for the first time. The AS-101 flight would verify the launch aerodynamics and structural design of the CSM and its LES tower. The mission began on May 28, 1964 and SA-6 launched without incident until one of the first stage engines shut off due to a turbopump failure almost two minutes into the flight. This caused the rocket to burn slightly longer to compensate, as had been demonstrated on SA-4. The boilerplate CSM was injected into orbit atop the S-IV and continued to transmit data until its batteries ran dry four orbits later. This mission profile was repeated on AS-102, which launched in September later that year.
AS-201 lifted off out of Cape Canaveral on February 26 after months of delays to perform a nearly perfect Saturn launch. Minor timing and thrust issues were encountered, but the S-IB and S-IVB managed to impart CSM-009 onto a suborbital trajectory with an apogee of over 400 kilometers. Once in space the CSM separated from the S-IVB and demonstrated maneuvers using its RCS system for the first time. It then fired its Service Propulsion System twice to accelerate the CSM towards Earth prior to separation and reentry. The command module encountered minor electrical problems during reentry, first losing steering control then losing measurement instrumentation on the way down. In spite of these issues the CM survived its reentry, certifying the heat shield against high suborbital velocities. The SPS also properly demonstrated its in-flight restart capability but suffered from helium ingestion after an oxidizer feed line break. AS-201 met all its objectives but uncovered problems with the CSM that would need to be addressed before the next flight.
The 203 mission was a test flight intended to verify design principles involved with the S-IVB and its restart capability. As a part of the Saturn V the S-IVB was designed to be able to restart in orbit; firing first to insert the Apollo spacecraft into orbit and a second time to boost Apollo to the Moon. To achieve this the S-IVB needed to be able to control the position, pressure, and temperature of its propellants while coasting in zero-g. TV cameras were installed inside the S-IVB's fuel tanks to allow the observation of liquid hydrogen during these phases. The J-2 engine on this flight was fitted with a chill down and recirculation system just like it would have on the Saturn V. The S-IVB was also modified with rear-facing LOX vents to fill the role of ullage motors during its time in orbit.
AS-202 lifted off on August 25, 1966. The Saturn IB again encountered minor issues with stage timing and thrust levels, but was still able to loft CSM-011 onto the required high-suborbital trajectory. The CSM separated from the spent S-IVB and began its first SPS burn seconds later, raising its apogee to over 1,100 kilometers. The spacecraft fired its SPS three more times while descending towards Earth, once to further increase velocity and twice more in quick succession to verify the engine's rapid-restart capability. The CM and SM modules then separated ahead of reentry.
While the launch, flight, and skip reentry were performed adequately, the CM's lift-to-drag ratio was found to be less than expected, bringing the capsule down 380 kilometers short of its target. Still, the performance of the Saturn IB and the CSM readily met expectations. With all mission objectives achieved, NASA human-rated both the Saturn IB and the Apollo spacecraft, deeming them ready to carry astronauts into orbit. The first crewed mission of the Apollo program was given the go-ahead, later scheduled to take place in early 1967 with AS-204.
The prime crew for this first manned Apollo mission had already been selected as of 1966. They were Astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee. Gus Grissom was a veteran of Project Mercury and Gemini; he commanded the first crewed Gemini mission on Gemini III and would serve as commander for AS-204. Ed white was another Gemini astronaut, famously becoming the first American to spacewalk on Gemini IV. He would be the senior of the two pilots on this flight. Roger Chaffee was the command pilot, with AS-204 being his first space mission. Sadly, this flight would never come to pass.
Starting in 1964 NASA managed to capture its first close-up images of the Moon with Ranger 7, continuing into 1965 with Rangers 8 and 9. In 1966 they had achieved their soft lunar landing with Surveyor 1, and were off to a good start on their lunar mapping program with Lunar Orbiter 1 and 2. By the end of 1966 project Gemini had concluded with its last flight, having successfully demonstrating long-duration spaceflight and orbital rendezvous and docking techniques that were necessary to achieve Moon landing.
NASA was well on its way until 1967, when crewed missions were put on hold after the tragic loss of Apollo 1. With this NASA's plans for a thorough test flight regime of the Apollo spacecraft went out the window. They would have to wait until the introduction of the Block II CSM to conduct their first manned mission, and that was still over a year away. At the same time number of other delays with the Lunar Module and the Saturn V itself threatened to push the landing date even further beyond 1970. With less than three years to go it was clear that NASA had to make bold strides in order to keep their deadline. Thankfully for NASA, these bold strides had already been planned out in anticipation the first flight of the Saturn V.
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