Lets look at how to practise and improve all these things starting with the opening repertoire. Your ultimate goal for the opening phase has to be the following: With black you wanna try to get a equal position which is not dead dry and still provides you winning chances. Against good opponents it will be impossible to get a advantage out of the opening with black so you generally aim for a dynamically equal position which offers you chances to outplay your opponent which is important if you are facing weaker opponents that you dont want to draw against. With white your aim is to get a slight advantage but at least a equal position. Even more as with black you really want to have winning chances with white out of your opening. These aims in mind you buy several opening books and/or buy a program like chessbase which has a opening book integrated where you can see all possible moves in different opening positions. With the help of these books you can build yourself a strong opening repertoire together completely based on your likings. You need to look at a lot of master games in those openings to understand them better and, and this is key, to learn the plans that you have in the middlegame. This is absolutely key and the only way you should learn openings. No idiotic opening lines memorization but instead understanding of the lines and the plans that both sides have in the middlegame. What you will then do is play a lot of long time control games and only use your prepared opening repertoire. Over time you will get a understanding of these lines, might want to rework some lines and finally at some point you will have a complete opening repertoire that you can effectively use against any opponent no matter what playing strenght.
This is definitely not as easy to learn as tactics or endgames, it is well learnable though. The main ways you can improve your strategical understanding are to get a book that focuses on strategy, characteristics of a position, weaknesses and so on and so forth and to analyse your own games or other players games to try and find out what plans exist(ed) in the middlegame or late opening phase. There is also a lot of content about plan finding. A simple way to develop a plan in the middlegame is to first look at the characteristics of the position, at the pawn structure, at weaknesses that you or your opponent have to understand the position better. Based on these weaknesses that your opponent has you can look for ways to exploit them like doubling your rooks on the file where a weak pawn is or putting your pieces in front of a isolated pawn to fully control it. It always depends on the characteristics of the position which plan is possible and effective.
Also I think this is a very good article. I think there are some very good tips in here. I would just like to reiterate a few points. I like that you show people that they have to focus on the whole game. I know so many club players like 1600-ish who only think their problem is in openings, spend forever memorizing openings, and are too cocky to study other parts of the game if at all. Then I go over games with them, and they've missed so much stuff, but they don't look at it again. Or they look at it with a computer, ignore what they missed and spend the rest of the time arguing how the computer claims they could've had a win. You didn't really mention this, but I see club players change openings all the time. There's really nothing less productive than studying a new opening from scratch. But someone will get annoyed by the exchange french and switch openings, even though as you mentioned equalizing with Black out of the opening is hardly the worst thing. Plus there are drawish lines in every opening. There's not an opening where you can just hope your opponent will be faced by neverending traps. I agree with you, most people have no problems studying tactics. I would recommend a couple books Complete Chess Workout 1 and 2, and Chess Tactics from Scratch. I'm honestly not a big fan of the chess.com tactics trainer. A lot of the problems feel too composed to me, and unlikely to really occur in a game. Dvorestky seems like a complex endgame book for lower rated players. I would probably defer them to Silman's Complete Endgame Course first and probably Endgame Strategy by Shereshevsky, but maybe Dvoretsky's inevitable to break master. I have it, but it was too much for me. You were a bit vague about middlegame plans/strategy. "The main ways you can improve your strategical understanding are to get a book that focuses on strategy, characteristics of a position, weaknesses and so on and so forth" Any recommendations? I personally really like Aaagard's book Grandmaster Preparation: Positional Play. I think the outline he uses for identifying weaknesses in the position is very useful. Also Silman's Reassess Your Chess was very helpful to me. Blindfold chess is a great way to improve calculation abilities. Another technique is I solve endgame positions blindfolded.
Sounds like you are interested in planning and developing longer term plans for a position. A plan is important as it helps unify moves. For beginners, it's still important to work on tactics and board vision as most losses and due to blundering material, but having a plan makes the game more enjoyable. Plans are often based on long term weakness and features of a position that are to your advantage, as these change slowly. It's no good basing a plan on attacking a piece if your opponent can easily move it. Couple of things I found useful... playing though GM games for beginners such as Logical Chess by Chernev, look out how weaknesses are provoked and attacked. The Amateurs Mind by Silman is a good introduction to evaluating a position and planning, aimed at 1300ish player. Website Simplify Chess has some good explanations on pawn structures and typical plans. Learn about some basics of positional chess such as weak squares and pawns.
Having a long-term plan is vastly superior. You will not achieve your strategic goal in 2 or 3 moves. If you can play a tactically correct move that helps achieve your strategic goal, choose that move rather than others that see just as good for the immediate situation. Of course your opponent may completely surprise you. If they play a good move you never considered, or a bad move that opens up unforeseen possibilities you will have to adjust your strategy accordingly. But "a bad plan is better than no plan" (Tartakower).
Typically, if the position is "quiescent", with little going on in the way of tactics, then long-term planning is very important. But if the position is tactically unsettled, with both players exchanging blows and feints, then short-range tactics will dominate the play.
Of course immediate tactical considerations always predominate. Which threats to make, which blows to strike, which way to respond to threats, should be guided by what you are trying to gain. If you have a better pawn structure you might wish to force exchanges and reach a favorable ending. When planning to open the center you want to think about what weaknesses you will expose or can create in your opponent's position. Strategic planning is the mapping out of long-term goals, tactics are the means of realizing those goals. Keeping your eye on the objective while figuring out which immediate steps to take is important. We all realize that when calculating tactics one of the is consideration of the favorability of the resulting position. Naturally, if you see your opponent has blundered you should take advantage of it, but you must always assume that your opponent will find a good move, don't just hope they will fall into a cheap trap. Even in sharp positions there will usually be a choice of playable moves, so having an overall goal will help you choose the move that will lead to the best result in the long run.
Plans and strategies often feel like synonyms and I'm guilty of this. I tend (try) to think of strategies as conceptual. There are normally a limited number of well known (canned) strategies. Plans are the execution of strategy. There can be many plans for executing a strategy. In the absence of a concrete target I might use the 'Improve My Pieces' strategy (vague and conceptual) with a plan of improving my bishop with Bb2 and routing the knight to the outpost on c6 via Ne2 etc. So plans have specific/concrete moves. If my opponent then takes on isolated pawns, I might change to Trade Into Winning Endgame strategy (again general and conceptual) and start planning concrete moves that are likely to force exchanges. What do others think?
Of course this means plans look only a few moves ahead and constantly being tweaked and adjusted. Strategies are longer term, their scope can be refined, and may be replaced completely. I presume strategies are also guided by evaluation according to a strategic framework: force-time-space-pstructure-kingsafety, but now I'm out of my depth ?. Maybe @blueemu will post the link to his helpful thread on this.
The players themselves - and human observers - may not be able to reliably identify this transition, as they'll be prone to feel like they're in stage 2 a little early - while there are still one or more potential plays that could upset their plans. And a careless move may transition a player back to stage 1.
Chess is about using your resources in a clever way. As a human body, you have limited resources and planning is needed. A game at classical time controls can take up to 6 hours and being focused for 6 hours is simply impossible. It is hard to eliminate the factor of "human error", "blunder", "being too hasty" and the very important "time trouble" frequently seen on all levels. Yet, it is possible to minimize these problems and thereby improve your results.
To say in one line, chess is a game of 100% skill. No chance is involved. This is because both players move the pieces according to their will, without involving some die which eliminates randomness. Secondly, both players can see each other's moves and interpret each other's plans. So chess is a game of skill.
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